1、Designation: C1054 13C1054 18Standard Practice forPressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming MixSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1054; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemically and non-chemically bonded alumin-silicate and high alumin
3、ahigh-alumina plastic and ramming mix refractory specimens classified in accordance with Classification C673.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed
5、 in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.
6、1 ASTM Standards:2C179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensC181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory PlasticsC673 Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories and Ramming Mixes3. Signi
7、ficance and Use3.1 This practice is useful for producing uniform specimens of refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standardASTMtests. Samples thus formed may be used for referee testing when setting specifications between producer and user. Establish bymutual agreement and specify in the
8、 report the forming parameters such as sample size, workability, and forming pressure whenreferee testing.3.2 This practice is applicable for preparing test specimens of various sizes. Note that 9 by 412 by 212 in. -in. (228 by 114 by64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, cross sectio
9、n, have a greater tendency to form flaws during pressing,handling, and drying than smaller cross-sectional samples.3.3 The purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws in pressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all field installationconditions.3.4 Variations in workability as determined
10、by Test Method C181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained in aspecimen. Establish by mutual agreement the workability level when comparing tests between two laboratories.3.5 This practice is not intended for preparing specimens of basic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor r
11、esin bondedresin-bonded mixes.4. Apparatus4.1 Power Press, preferably of the hydraulic type, equipped with suitable molds for forming specimens of the required size(Note 1) and capable of pressing to a minimum of 1500 psi (10.34 MPa) pressure when forming the largest cross-sectional areaspecimen.1 T
12、his practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.Current edition approved April 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2018. Published June 2013November 2018. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 200
13、82013 asC1054 03 (2008).C1054 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1054-13.10.1520/C1054-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the A
14、STM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consu
15、lt prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 1It may be advisable to have th
16、e molds slightly oversized so that, after drying, the specimens will be close to the required size for the specifictest.4.2 Drying Oven, preferably forced-draft forced draft rather than natural convection, capable of maintaining 230F(110C)230 F (110 C) with a capacity to hold the specimens.4.3 Balan
17、ce, with sufficient capacity to measure specimens with sensitivity of 0.02 lb (9 g).4.4 Thermometer, with a range of 00 to 180 6 0.1F (180.1 F (18 to 80C80 6 0.05C).0.05 C).4.5 Linear Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) .0.02 in. (0.5 mm).4.6 Mold LubricantEither paraffin or
18、 silicone-based oils can be used as a parting agent for coating mold and die surfaces.4.7 Two Non-Porous Blocks, approximately 12-in. (13-mm) in. (13 mm) thick. The cross-sectional dimensions of these pieceswill vary, depending on the side dimensions of the bar being pressed.5. Sampling5.1 Keep the
19、container or package unopened until testing to ensure the sample does not dry out.5.2 The ideal sample test temperature is between 65 and 75F75 F (18 and 24C).24 C). Measure the temperature by insertingthe full length of the thermometer stem into the thermometer probe into the center of the material
20、. Note and record temperaturewhen the reading is constant.6. Procedure6.1 Workability Index Measurement (Note 2)Determine and report workability of plastics at the time of pressing in accordancewith the procedure described in Test Method C181 (Note 3).NOTE 2A workability index between 17 and 23 is t
21、he optimum range for pressing samplesspecimens with a minimum amount of flaws. If higherworkability material is used in referee tests between two or more laboratories, the workability should be the same, (63 %),same (63 %) for the materialbeing tested.NOTE 3Since no suitable standard test exists for
22、 gaging the workability of ramming mixes, participants in a referee test should agree that samplesof similar formability are being tested.6.2 Filling the Mold SpecimensUse the power press to form the test specimens. In order to facilitate filling the mold, breakthe material into pieces that vary in
23、size, the largest dimension being 1-in. (25-mm). 1 in. (25 mm). Carefully pack these piecesinto the mold,mold in order to achieve uniform distribution of material.6.2.1 Do not expose the material being pressed to the atmosphere for periods longer than 15 min. Cover with an impermeablematerial if lon
24、ger periods of air exposure are expected (Note 4).NOTE 4Exposure in air may lead to a change in workability.6.3 Pressing of SpecimensApply a pressure sufficient to achieve a well-consolidated specimen (typically 750 to 1250 psi1250 psi (5.17 to 8.62 MPa) for plastics,plastics; higher pressures may b
25、e necessary for ramming mixes) (Note 5).Avoid excessivepressure whichthat forces a portion of the mix out of the mold by extrusion through the clearance space located between theplunger of the mold and the walls of the die cavity (Note 6). To eliminate possible entrapped air, apply an initial load o
26、fapproximately 250 psi (1.72 MPa). Relieve this pressure, and then increase to the selected pressure.NOTE 5Single- and double-action presses may produce differing degrees of consolidation when pressing some ramming mixes.NOTE 6The total clearance space between the plunger and the walls should not ex
27、ceed 116 in. (1.6 mm).6.4 Removal of Specimens from MoldWhen removing the specimen from the mold, use the two support pieces against thesides of the specimen (as shown in Fig. 1) in order to pick up the bar and move it subsequently for measuring, weighing, and drying(Note 7).NOTE 7Use of the support
28、s uniformly distributes the force of gripping the bar and prevents the specimen from flexing during the critical handlingstage. This prevents a major source of induced flaws (cracks) thatwhich cause damage to the specimen. Specimens made from high workabilityhigh-workability plastics are especially
29、susceptible to this damage. Distortion of the specimen may also be caused by handling.6.5 Measurement of Weight and DimensionsImmediately upon removal from the mold, place each bar on the balance (usingwaxed paper to prevent sticking to the pan surface) and weigh to the nearest 0.02 lb (9 g). With t
30、he linear measuring device,measure the specimen (5.2 of Test Method C179) for all dimensions to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record the results. Labeland make reference marks to indicate the exact length measurement points.6.6 Drying of Specimens:6.6.1 Standard Drying ScheduleImmediately after
31、measuring, use the handling procedure described in 6.4, to move the barsto a non-stick ventilated surface (Note 8) and allow the specimen to air dry for a minimum of 15 h. The drying surface will beof sufficient strength and supported so as to not bend or sag under the weight of the specimens. If us
32、ing a wire or metal mesh grid,support it a minimum of 1-in. (25-mm) 1 in. (25 mm) above the table top to allow air circulation. After the air drying is complete,place in dryer and raise the temperature of the drying oven to 230F (110C)230 F (110 C) in 1 h. Hold for at least 15 h.15 h.C1054 182NOTE 8
33、Plastic film or waterproof paper is not recommended for this surface. They inhibit movement of moisture out of the bottom of the bar. Flatexpanded metal grids, ceramic fiber paper, or similar materials are preferred because they do not act as vapor barriers.6.6.2 Alternate Drying ProceduresImmediate
34、ly after measuring the specimen, place in the oven and raise the temperature ofthe drying oven from ambient to 170F (75C)170 F (75 C) in 1 h. Hold at least 12 h. Raise the temperature of the drying ovento 230F (110C)230 F (110 C) in 1 h. Hold for at least 15 h.6.6.3 CoolingCool the bars to room temp
35、erature.6.7 Measurement of Weight and Dimensions of the Dried SpecimensRemeasure and reweigh the specimens at roomtemperature as described in 6.5 and record the data.NOTE 9Storage of SpecimenIf more than 8 h will elapse before tests are performed on the bars, keep them dry by replacing them in a dry
36、ing oven,sealing them in plastic bags, or some other suitable procedure.7. Report7.1 Report the workability and material temperature at time of test, pressing pressure used, drying schedule used, green anddried specimen size and weight.7.2 Identify by a suitable marking the original pressed surface
37、of the specimen.7.3 Referee testing specifying the exact procedure used by both parties.8. Precision and Bias8.1 This practice is intended to prepare test specimens for testing under other procedures. Therefore, no statement is requiredregarding test results, only information on the specimen prepara
38、tion parameters used.9. Keywords9.1 drying; forming; pressing; refractory plastics; refractory ramming mixesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
39、hat determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapp
40、roved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you f
41、eel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual re
42、prints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ support pieces are used against the sides of the bar during the lifting and moving operation to prevent flexing.FIG. 1 Removal of Specimen from MoldC1054 183
