1、Designation: A1112/A1112M 18Standard Specification forCold-Formed Welded High Strength Carbon Steel or High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS)in Rounds and Shapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA1112/A1112M; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers cold-formed
3、welded highstrength carbon steel or high strength low-alloy steel HollowStructural Sections (HSS) or special shape structural tubing forwelded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges, buildings,and for structural purposes.1.2 This HSS is produced in welded sizes with a peripheryof 64 in. 1626 mm
4、 or less, and a specified wall thickness of0.625 in. 16 mm or less.NOTE 1Products manufactured to this specification may not besuitable for those applications such as dynamic loaded elements in weldedstructures, etc. where low-temperature notch-toughness properties may beimportant. Inquire if dynami
5、c loaded elements are required.1.3 The text of this specification contains notes and foot-notes that provide explanatory material. Such notes andfootnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not containany mandatory requirements.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare
6、to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M” des
7、ignation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine
8、 the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations i
9、ssued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methodsfor Steel Products for ShipmentA751 Test Methods,
10、 Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of SteelProductsMetric2.2 Military Standard:3MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage2.3 Federal Standa
11、rd:3FED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)2.4 AIAG Standard:4B-1 Bar Code Symbology Standard3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology A941.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall containinfor
12、mation concerning as many of the following items as arerequired to describe the material adequately:4.1.1 Quantity (feet meters or number of lengths),4.1.2 Name of material (cold-formed HSS),1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Allo
13、ys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. DOI:10.1520/A1112_A1112M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
14、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available from Automotiv
15、e Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033-7156, http:/www.aiag.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally reco
16、gnized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.1.3 Size (outside diameter and wall thickness for roundHSS, a
17、nd outside dimensions and wall thickness for square andrectangular HSS),4.1.4 Grade/Class (70, 80, 90, 100, or 110),4.1.5 Length (random, multiple, specific; see 11.3),4.1.6 End condition (see 16.3),4.1.7 Burr removal (see 16.3),4.1.8 Certification (see Section 18),4.1.9 ASTM specification designati
18、on and year of issue,4.1.10 End use,4.1.11 Bar coding (see 19.3),4.1.12 Packing, Marking, and Loading (see Section 21), and4.1.13 Special Requirements.5. Process5.1 The steel shall be made by a commercially availableprocess.5.2 When steels of different grades are sequentially strandcast, the steel p
19、roducer shall identify the resultant transitionmaterial and remove it using an established procedure thatpositively separates the grades.6. Manufacture6.1 HSS shall be made from flat-rolled steel by the electric-resistance-welding process. The longitudinal butt joint ofwelded tubing shall be welded
20、across its thickness in such amanner that the structural design of the tubing section isassured. No transverse coil splices are permitted in the fur-nished product.6.2 Annealing is permissible. If heat treatment is performed,mechanical testing shall be conducted after heat treatment.6.3 The weld sha
21、ll not be located within the radius of thecorners of any shaped tube unless specified by purchaser.NOTE 2Welded HSS is normally furnished without removal of theinside flash.7. Heat Analysis7.1 Each heat analysis shall conform to the requirements inTable 1.7.2 The maximum permissible carbon equivalen
22、t shall be0.45 %. The carbon equivalent shall be based upon the heatanalysis. The required heat analysis and the carbon equivalentshall be reported. The carbon equivalent shall be calculatedusing the following formula:CE 5 C1Mn!61Cr 1 Mo 1 V!51Ni 1 Cu!15 (1)8. Product Analysis8.1 When product tests
23、are conducted the HSS shall con-form to the requirements of Table 1.8.2 If product analyses are made, they shall be made usingtest specimens taken from two lengths of HSS from each lot of500 lengths, or fraction thereof, or two pieces of flat-rolledstock from each lot of a corresponding quantity of
24、flat-rolledstock. Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis shallbe in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminol-ogy A751.8.3 If both product analyses representing a lot fail toconform to the specified requirements, the lot shall be rejected.8.4 If only one product analysis rep
25、resenting a lot fails toconform to the specified requirements, product analyses shallbe made using two additional test specimens taken from the lot.Both the additional product analyses shall conform to thespecified requirements or the lot shall be rejected.9. Tensile Requirements9.1 The material, as
26、 represented by the test specimen, shallconform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribedin Table 2.10. Flattening Test or Cone Flare Test10.1 The flattening test or cone flare test shall be made onHSS.10.2 Flattening TestA test specimen at least 4 in. 100mm in length shall be flattene
27、d cold between parallel plates inthree steps, with the weld located 90 from the line of directionof force. During the first step, which is a test for ductility of theweld, no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside surfaces ofthe test specimen shall be present until the distance between theplates
28、is less than two-thirds of the specified outside diameterof the tubing. For the second step, no cracks or breaks on theinside or outside parent metal surfaces of the test specimen,except as provided for in 10.4, shall be present until thedistance between the plates is less than one-half of the speci
29、fiedoutside diameter of the tubing. During the third step, which isa test for soundness, the flattening shall be continued until thetest specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the test specimenmeet. Evidence of laminated or unsound material or incom-plete weld that is revealed during the entire fl
30、attening test shallbe cause for rejection.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsNOTE 1Where an ellipses (. . .) appears in the table, requirements have not been defined.NOTE 2If material is to be hot-dip galvanized, this shall be listed on the purchase order and the Si content must be reported.NOTE 3The stee
31、ls contain the strengthening elements columbium (niobium), vanadium, titanium, and molybdenum added singly or in combination.The minimum requirements only apply to the microalloy elements selected for strengthening of the steel.% Heat Analysis, Element Maximum Unless Otherwise ShownDesignation C Mn
32、P S Si Cu Ni Cr Mo V NbATiGrade 70/80 0.15 1.65 0.02 0.025 . . . 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.005 min 0.005 min 0.005 minGrade 90 0.15 2.00 0.02 0.025 . . . 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.005 min 0.005 min 0.005 minGrade 100/110 0.15 2.00 0.02 0.025 . . . 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.40 0.005 min 0.005 min 0.005 minAElement 41
33、 has been identified as columbium and niobium.A01 considers them interchangeable and both acceptable. SubcommitteeA01.09 has chosen to use niobium.A1112/A1112M 18210.3 Surface imperfections not found in the test specimenbefore flattening, but revealed during the first step of theflattening test, sha
34、ll be judged in accordance with Section 16.10.4 When low D-to-t ratio HSS are tested, the strainimposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the insidesurface at the 6 and 12 oclock locations. Cracks at theselocations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio isless than 10.10.5 Cone F
35、lare TestAsection of tube approximately 4 in.100 mm in length shall be flared with a tool having a 60included angle. Round tubing will be flared until tearing of thetube material occurs or until the tube at the mouth of the flarehas been expanded a minimum of 15 % of the inside diameter.Cracks or fl
36、aws shall not be revealed in the weld zone. In thecase of shaped tubing, flare the tube until tearing of the tubematerial occurs. Cracks or flaws shall not be revealed in theweld zone. The cone tool shall not have a weld relief groove.11. Permissible Variation in Dimensions11.1 Outside Dimensions:11
37、.1.1 Round HSSThe outside diameter shall not varymore than 60.5 %, rounded to the nearest 0.005 in. 0.1 mm,from the specified outside diameter for specified outsidediameters of 1.900 in. 48 mm and smaller, and 60.75 %rounded to the nearest 0.005 in. 0.1 mm, from the specifiedoutside diameter for spe
38、cified outside diameters 2.00 in.50 mm and larger. The outside diameter measurements shallbe made at positions at least 2 in. from the ends of the HSS.11.1.2 Square and Rectangular HSSThe outsidedimensions, measured across the flats at positions at least 2 in.50 mm from the ends of the HSS shall not
39、 vary from thespecified outside dimensions by more than the applicableamount given in Table 3, which includes an allowance forconvexity or concavity.11.2 Wall ThicknessThe minimum wall thickness, exclud-ing the weld seam of welded tubing, if supplied in the flash incondition, shall not be more than
40、5 % less than the specifiedwall thickness. The maximum wall thickness, excluding theweld seam of welded tubing, shall be not more than 10 %greater than the specified wall thickness. The thickness (t) shallbe measured not less than 2t from the weld and for square andrectangular tubing, the wall thick
41、ness requirements shall applyonly to the centers of the flats.11.3 LengthHSS is normally produced in random lengths5 ft 1.5 m and over, in multiple lengths, and in specificlengths. Refer to Section 4. When specified lengths areordered, the length tolerance shall be in accordance with Table4.11.4 Str
42、aightnessThe permissible variation for straight-ness of HSS shall be18 in. times the number of feet 10 mmtimes the number of meters of total length divided by 5.11.5 Squareness of SidesFor square and rectangular struc-tural HSS, adjacent sides shall be square (90), with apermissible variation of 62
43、max.11.6 Radius of CornersFor square and rectangular struc-tural HSS, the radius of each outside corner of the section shallnot exceed three times the specified wall thickness.11.7 TwistFor square and rectangular structural tubing,the permissible variations in twist shall be as given in Table 5.Twis
44、t shall be determined by holding one end of the tubingdown on a flat surface plate, measuring the height that eachcorner on the bottom side of the HSS extends above the surfaceplate near the opposite ends of the HSS, and calculating thetwist (the difference in heights of such corners), except that f
45、orheavier sections it shall be permissible to use a suitablemeasuring device to determined twist. Twist measurement shallnot be taken within 2 in. 50 mm of the ends of the HSS.12. Special Shape HSS12.1 The availability, dimensions, and tolerances of specialshape structural HSS shall be subject to in
46、quiry and negotiationwith the manufacturer.13. Number of Test13.1 The term “lot” shall apply to all HSS of the samespecified size and specified wall thickness that are producedfrom the same heat of steel.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsRound and Shaped HSSDesignationYield Strength Tensile Strength Elong
47、ation in 2 in. 50 mmmin. %AKSI MPa min KSI MPa min % minClass 70 70 485 80 550 14Class 80 80 550 90 620 14Class 90 90 620 100 690 14Class 100 100 690 110 760 12Class 110 110 760 118 813 12AThe elongation values apply only to tests performed prior to shipment of thetubing.TABLE 3 Permissible Variatio
48、ns in Outside Flat Dimensions forSquare and Rectangular HSSSpecified Outside Large FlatDimension, in. mmPermissible Variations Over andUnder Specified Outside FlatDimensions,Ain. mm212 65 or under 0.020 0.5Over 212 to 312 65 to 90, incl 0.025 0.6Over 312 to 512 90 to 140, incl 0.030 0.8Over 512 140
49、0.01 times large flat dimensionAThe permissible variations include allowance for convexity and concavity. Forrectangular HSS having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension less than1.5, and for square HSS, the permissible variations in small flat dimension shall beidentical to the permissible variations in the large flat dimension. For rectangularHSS having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension in the range of 1.5 to 3.0inclusive, the permissible variations in
