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3、e in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaim any liability or responsibilityfor loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which thispublication may conflict. API/EI joint publications are published to facilitate the
4、broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilised. The development and publication of API/EI jointpublications is not in
5、tended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Nothing contained in any API/EI joint publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, forthe manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should
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8、rated by Royal Charter 2003.Registered charity number 1097899, EnglandCopyright 2012 by API, Washington DC and Energy Institute, London:All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordi
9、ng, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.ForewordThis publication was prepared jointly by the American Petroleum Institute Committee on Petroleum Measurement andthe Energy Institute Hydrocarbon Management Committee. The American Petroleum Institute Committee on Petroleum
10、 Measurement (COPM) and the Energy InstitutesHydrocarbon Management Committee (HMC) are responsible for the production and maintenance of standards andguides covering various aspects of static and dynamic measurement of petroleum. API COPM and EI HMC, their sub-committees and work groups consist of
11、technical specialists representing oil companies, equipment manufacturers,service companies, terminal and ship owners and operators. API COPM and EI HMC encourage internationalparticipation and when producing publications their aim is to represent the best consensus of international technicalexperti
12、se and good practice. This is the main reason behind the production of joint publications involving cooperationwith experts from both the API and EI.API/EI standards are published as an aid to procurement of standardized equipment and materials and/or as goodpractice procedures. These standards are
13、not intended to inhibit purchasers or producers from purchasing orproducing products made to specifications other than those of API or EI.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a rec
14、ommendation or that which is advised but not required in orderto conform to the specification.This publication was produced following API/EI standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API/EI standard.Questions
15、 concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning theprocedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA, or th
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17、dards arereviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years maybe added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, 1220L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA, or the EI Technica
18、l Department, Energy Institute, 61 New CavendishStreet, London, W1G 7AR, UK.A catalogue of API publications can be found at www.api.org/publications. A catalogue of EI publications can be found at www.energypublishing.org.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Depar
19、tment, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, USA, standardsapi.org or to the Technical Department, Energy Institute, 61 NewCavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR, UK.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 API/EI Joint Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 API Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Other Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Cargo Reconciliation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . 34.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Collecting Information and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 The Voyage Analysis Report (VAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 The Voyage Summary and Reconciliation Report (VSRR)65 Possible Causes of Losses or Gains
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 Cargo Tr
27、ansfer Measurement Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 Shore Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、85.4 Vessel Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.5 Water Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.6 Additional Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.7 Measurement Uncertainties and Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Annex A (informative) Instructions for Completion of Voyage Analysis Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Annex B (informative) Examples of Cargo Analysis and Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、27Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Figures1 Four Point Reconciliation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8A.1 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23A.2 Summary of Vessel-to-Vessel Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24A.3 Field Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25A.4 Voyage Summary and Reconciliation Report (VSRR). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26B.1 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR) Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31B.2 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32B.3 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33B.4 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34B.5 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35B.6 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36B.7 Voyage Summary and REconciliation Report (VSRR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37B.8 Voyage Analysis Report (VAR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Tables1 Bill of Lading to Outturn Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Shore to Vessel ComparisonLoad Port(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Vessel to Shore ComparisonDischarge Port(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Vessel Transit Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 OBQ/ROB Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6A.1 Recommended Forms for Complex Voyage Analysis 22vviIntroductionThe
41、 shipment of petroleum or petroleum products by marine vessels may result in a difference between the load portand discharge port quantities. This difference, gain or loss, will be caused by one or more of the following:a) Physical Loss/Gain is an actual loss or gain of cargo (sometimes referred to
42、as “Real Loss or Gain”).Physical losses can be the result of evaporation, unmeasured ROB, line fill, cargo diversion, spillage or theft.Evaporative loss may occur during load/discharge operations and during transit. Daily temperature variations andmovement of the cargo during the voyage (sloshing) w
43、ill increase evaporative losses. Cargos with higher vaporpressure are likely to suffer greater evaporative losses.The ROB (quantity remaining on board) is the liquid and non liquid cargo left on board the vessel after discharge.The ROB measurement can only include cargo which remains on the tank flo
44、or and can be measured fromavailable gauge points. Unmeasured ROB can occur when a vessel is out of trim and it is not possible to measurethe cargo from the tank available gauge points. That cargo which remains as clingage on the tank sides or otherinternal structure is not included in the ROB measu
45、rement and will result in a real loss when the outturn isconsidered. The amount of clingage will be dependent upon cargo viscosity and temperature.Line fill losses result from transfer lines which contain more cargo after the movement than before, leading toreduced quantities being measured in the r
46、eceiving tanks. This can occur during loading or discharge.Cargo diversion can occur inadvertently as a result of incorrectly set or leaking valves, operator error, orintentionally as theft.While physical gains are not common, some cargos with the ability to absorb water or to blend with othercompon
47、ents or additives may show physical gain. In addition, gains may be caused by physical operations andequipment errors or failures such as cargo diversion, Crude Oil Washing (COW) recovering clingage fromprevious cargo, etc.b) Apparent Loss/Gain is a difference in quantity which is not related to a p
48、hysical loss. Apparent losses includeerrors which can possibly be corrected and also differences due to uncertainties in the measurement systemswhich generally cannot be removed. The majority of individual losses and gains are apparent rather than real andfall into the following categories.Measureme
49、nt error includes all the errors associated with measurement procedures, equipment and operatorperformance. These errors can be in liquid level or meter measurements, determining temperature, sampling, tankcalibration, and laboratory testing methods.Procedural error occurs when operations deviate from the industry measurement standards and good practice. Anexample would be the failure to ensure pipeline fullness at the start of the cargo transfer.Calibration error relates to accuracy (calibration) of the measurement equipment. Only the base internationalstandards are deemed to be exact
