1、ACI 347.3R-13Guide to Formed Concrete SurfacesReported by ACI Committee 347First PrintingJanuary 2014Guide to Formed Concrete Surfaces Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any prin
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10、CI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800
11、 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN: 978-0-87031-863-4American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeThe primary goal of the construction team is to produce as-cast concrete surfaces that meet project specifications and
12、expectations. Although various descriptions, interpretations, and methods exist to achieve an as-cast concrete surface, no unified definitions of different concrete surfaces exist.This document defines four quality levels of formed concrete surfaces and provides methods to achieve and evaluate them.
13、 These quality levels are identified by three surface finish categories: 1) form facing; 2) concrete surface void ratio; and 3) characteris-tics of form-facing materials. The basic procedures for classifi-cation are defined using tables derived from recommendations of the German Concrete Association
14、 (DBV) (Merkblatt Sichtbeton Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein e.V. 2004).This guide assists the project owner, design team, contractor, formwork and concrete suppliers, and all other parties in reaching a more specific understanding of how to produce a more clearly defined as-cast concrete sur
15、face. All other parties should under-stand the procedures, processes, and costs for producing defined surfaces of formed concrete. The guide also discusses all phases of construction relating to concrete surfaces from planning, descrip-tion of work, and construction through acceptance of a concrete
16、surface.This guide can be used by both specifier (architect/licensed design professional) and contractor as a supplemental tool for defining, specifying, and evaluating concrete surfaces and offers guidance to the development of concrete surface specifications and expecta-tions. Please refer to ACI
17、303R-12 for information regarding post-construction treatment of formed concrete surfaces.This guide also describes an entire process for comprehensive use, including the creation of a concrete surface team and its defined roles and responsibilities in the construction process.Keywords: color unifor
18、mity; exposed to view; form facing; job-built form-work; mockup; offsets; panelized formwork; reference area; surface finish; surface void ratio; texture; tolerances.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 2CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 2CHAPTER 3FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE DESCRIPTIONS, p. 23.1General, p. 23.2Exa
19、mples and determination of surface void ratio, p. 5CHAPTER 4BASICS OF LAYOUT AND DESIGN, p. 74.1General, p. 74.2Design and construction recommendations, p. 74.3Planning and detailing, p. 84.4Formwork and facing selection, p. 94.5Premanufactured panelized formwork, p. 114.6Job-built formwork, p. 114.
20、7Design with form liners, p. 144.8Post-construction treated concrete surfaces, p. 14Kenneth L. Berndt, ChairACI 347.3R-13Guide to Formed Concrete SurfacesReported by ACI Committee 347Rodney D. AdamsMary Bordner-TanckGeorge CharitouJames N. Cornell IIJack L. DavidWilliam A. Dortch Jr.Jeffrey C. Erson
21、Noel J. GardnerWilliam A. GiorgiTimothy P. HayesGardner P. HorstDavid W. JohnstonRoger S. JohnstonRobert G. KentKevin R. KoogleH. S. LewRobert G. McCrackenEric S. PetersonWilliam R. PhillipsDouglas J. SchoonoverAviad ShapiraJohn M. SimpsonRolf A. Spahr*Pericles C. StivarosDaniel B. ToonRalph H. Tuli
22、sConsulting membersSamuel A. GreenbergR. Kirk GregoryDonald M. Marks*Principal authorACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to eva
23、luate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss
24、 or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI
25、347.3R-13 was adopted and published January 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete InstituteAll rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral,
26、 or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 5SPECIFICATIONS, p. 145.1General description, p. 145.2Design features, p. 145.3Surface finish limitations, p. 14
27、CHAPTER 6CONSTRUCTION, p. 156.1Formwork, p. 156.2Reinforcement and inserts, p. 156.3Concrete mixture, p. 156.4Concrete placement, p. 166.5Concrete surface team, p. 16CHAPTER 7EVALUATION OF FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES, p. 167.1Basics, p. 167.2Overall impression, p. 167.3Procedure in case of deviations,
28、p. 16CHAPTER 8REFERENCES, p. 17Authored references, p. 17CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThe scope of this guide is to solve a lack of uniformity in the appearance criteria of concrete surfaces, provide defini-tions for the various levels of formed concrete surfaces, and give objective evaluations of them.Alth
29、ough there are various reference sources for constructing and evaluating concrete surfaces, none exist that offer a comprehensive guidance and understanding to its production and evaluation. Several ACI and ASCC docu-ments, however, do provide partial guidance:1) ACI 347-04 provides terms for classe
30、s of formed concrete surfaces, discusses irregularities in formed surfaces, and gives general guidance for the use of formwork for concrete;2) ACI 309R-05 provides terms about visible effects of consolidation on formed concrete surfaces, why they occur, and how to avoid them;3) ACI 303R-12 discusses
31、 architectural concrete, applica-tions, and details of production including formwork, release agents, repair, and economics;4) ACI 301-10 specifies concrete surfaces (Section 5.3.3.3);5) The ASCC Education and Training Committee (1999) guide uses samples of concrete surfaces to illustrate appear-anc
32、e expectations.These references, which exclude uniform appearance criteria or a process for evaluating formed concrete surfaces, make it difficult to achieve a wide range of expectations.The ultimate authority on a project is the contract docu-ment. The contract document is a guide for the:a) Design
33、er to specify the desired surface finish;b) Owner to understand what the final product will approx-imately look like;c) Contractor to select facing materials, concrete mixture, release agents, and construction methods to achieve the specified surface finish.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a compreh
34、ensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. Defi-nitions provided herein complement that source.area exposed to viewportion of structure that can be observed by the public during normal use.blushingslight p
35、ink or rose color on concrete surface.flatnessdeviation of a surface from a plane.form facingthe form material that comes in direct contact with the concrete.gapspace between abutting edges of the form-facing materials measured on the plane of the form surface.mockupa sample of a component of the bu
36、ilding as specified in the contract documents that is used to establish the expected surface finish.reference areaa significantly large area of a completed concrete surface serving as a basis of comparison for the acceptance of a surface category of work at a specified loca-tion of a given project.s
37、urface void ratiothe ratio of the total surface void area to the total concrete surface area after stripping with no subsequent surface treatment.CHAPTER 3FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE DESCRIPTIONS3.1GeneralTables 3.1a through 3.1d define the various measurable properties pertaining to formed concrete sur
38、face texture, surface void ratio, color, flatness, and joints. Four concrete surface categories (CSCs) are defined in Table 3.1a. CSC1 has the lowest classifications and CSC4 the highest for a finished surface. The individual constituents used to define each CSC are further described in Table 3.1b.
39、The classifica-tion for form-facing materials is described in Table 3.1c. The surface void ratio is defined and categorized according to net pore area in Table 3.1d.Concrete surface levels are specified for individual parts of the structure to reflect the owners needs, desires, and budget. Possible
40、examples include:a) Basement walls: CSC1;b) Industrial structures: CSC1 or CSC2;c) Electrical and mechanical rooms: CSC1 or CSC2;d) Stairwells: CSC1, CSC2, or CSC3;e) Commercial building exteriors: CSC3;f) High-end commercial building exteriors: CSC3 or CSC4;g) Religious structures or museums: CSC3
41、or CSC4;h) Monumental or landmark structures: CSC4.These examples are only provided to illustrate the various classifications of concrete surfaces and are not recommenda-tions of the committee.Concrete surface finish schedules should be designated as part of the contract documents in drawings or by
42、designa-tions on exterior/interior views of the structure.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES (ACI 347.3R-13)Table 3.1aDescription of formed concrete surface categories (CSC)Formed concrete surface category*DescriptionCSC requirementsAd
43、ditional requirementsRelative costsTextureSurface void ratioColor uniformity|Surface irregu-laritiesConstruc-tion and facing-joint Mockup#Form-facing category*a na a naConcrete surface finish withBasic requirementsCSC1Concrete surfaces in areas with low visibility or of limited impor-tance with rega
44、rd to formed concrete surface requirements, used or covered with subse-quent finish materials.T1 SVR1 SVR1 CU1 CU1 SI1 CJ1 Optional FC1 LowNormal require-mentsCSC2Concrete surfaces where visual appear-ance is of moderate importance.T2 SVR2 SVR1 CU1 CU1 SI2 CJ2 Optional FC1 AverageSpecial requirement
45、sCSC3Concrete surfaces that are in public view or where appearance is important, such as exte-rior or interior exposed building elements.T3 SVR3 SVR2 CU2 CU2 SI3 CJ3Highlyrecom-mendedFC2 HighCSC4Concrete surfaces where the exposed concrete is a prominent feature of the completed structure or visual
46、appearance is important.T4 SVR4 SVR3 CU2 CU3 SI4 CJ4Should be requiredFC3Very high*For matching requirements of formed concrete surface categories, please refer to the following notes and tables.The appearance of the formed concrete surface should only be judged in its entirety, not by looking at se
47、parate criteria only. The failure of one agreed criterion according to this guide should not result in the obligation to repair deviations if the overall positive image of the structure or the building is not disturbed.These requirements/features are described in detail in Table 3.1b.Void area of po
48、res of surface. Refer to Table 3.1d; legend: a = absorbent form facing; and na = nonabsorbent form facing.|The general impression of existing or not existing discolorations can usually be seen only after a longer period of time and for at least 8 weeks. The uniformity of coloring should be judged fr
49、om the common viewing distance (Chapter 7).#If required, additional mockups should be prepared.*Refer to Table 3.1c.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgGUIDE TO FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES (ACI 347.3R-13) 3Table 3.1bDescription of visible effects on as-cast formed surfaceCriterion Classification CharacteristicsTexture,panel-joint*T1(Table 4.6.4)- Acceptable gaps in adjacent formwork components 3/4 in. (19 mm) (6.1 h).- Acceptable depth of mortar loss 1/2 in. (13 mm).- Acceptable surface offset
