1、ACI 311.4R-05 supersedes ACI 311.4R-00 and became effective October 12, 2005.Copyright 2005, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device,
2、 printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries areintended for guidance in planning, designing,
3、executing, andinspecting construction. This document is intended for the useof individuals who are competent to evaluate the significanceand limitations of its content and recommendations and whowill accept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The American Concrete Institut
4、e disclaims any andall responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shallnot be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contr
5、act documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.311.4R-1Guide for Concrete InspectionReported by ACI Committee 311ACI 311.4R-05This guide discusses the need for inspection of concrete construction andother related activities, the types of inspect
6、ion activities involved, and theresponsibilities of various individuals and organizations involved in theseactivities. Field and laboratory testing activities are also considered part ofinspection. This guide presents recommendations for inspection plan contentand a detailed checklist of inspection
7、attributes that can be adopted for usedepending on the scope and needs of individual projects.Keywords: concrete; construction; inspection; quality assurance; qualitycontrol; testing.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 311.4R-11.1Scope1.2Philosophy1.3General1.4Definitions1.5Categories of inspection1.6
8、Inspection teamChapter 2Responsibilities, p. 311.4R-32.1Scope2.2Owners responsibilities2.3Architect/engineers inspection responsibilities2.4Owners inspection organization responsibilities2.5Contractors inspection responsibilities2.6Manufacturers or fabricators inspection responsibilitiesChapter 3Pla
9、nning for inspection, p. 311.4R-53.1Scope3.2Written inspection plan3.3Building code requirements for special inspections3.4Preconstruction conferences3.5Meetings3.6Qualifications of inspection and testing personnel3.7Recommendations for inspection and testing3.8Reporting and evaluating inspection an
10、d test resultsChapter 4References, p. 311.4R-74.1Referenced standards and reports4.2Cited references4.3Other referencesAppendix IExpanded checklist of inspection attributes, p. 311.4R-8Appendix IISynopsis of ACI 311.5, p. 311.4R-13CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1ScopeThis document is primarily intended for
11、guidance in thedevelopment of inspection and testing plans that are part ofthe overall system designed to ensure quality in the finishedconcrete product. ACI Committee 311 recommends that theowner develop a quality plan, as outlined in ACI 121R, andGordon A. Anderson Jimmie D. Hannaman, Jr. Roger D.
12、 TateJoseph F. Artuso Robert L. Henry Woodward L. VogtJose Damazo-Juarez Charles J. Hookham Bertold E. WeinbergMario R. Diaz Venkatesh S. Iyer Michelle L. WilsonDonald E. Dixon Claude E. Jaycox Roger E. WilsonJohn V. Gruber Robert S. JenkinsGeorge R. WargoChairMichael T. RussellSecretary311.4R-2 ACI
13、 COMMITTEE REPORTthat 311.4R be used to develop inspection and testing plansby those organizations assigned by the owners quality planto conduct inspections.1.2PhilosophyInspection and testing requirements typically vary, based onthe specific scope and needs of construction, and shouldtherefore be t
14、ailored to each project individually. Thecontent of an inspection plan is dependent on the type andcomplexity of the project, special features involved, quality leveldesired, building code requirements, and the responsibilities ofthe inspection organization performing the work. Any of thesemay neces
15、sitate the addition of more detailed inspectionthan conventional or may warrant a reduction fromconventional requirements.1.3GeneralInspection is simply a subsystem of the quality plan. Itmay be employed by the owner to evaluate future acceptanceof the work or by contractors and material producers f
16、orquality-control purposes. In addition, inspection may be partof a program of activities performed by government agenciescharged with enforcing building codes and other governmentregulations. The inspection process does not add quality toinspected items. Inspection simply establishes the status ofi
17、nspected items relative to specified requirements. Theinformation derived from inspections and tests, however,when properly evaluated, and with conclusions and decisionsimplemented, can result in the improvement of the quality ofthe product or process. The specified quality is achieved onlyby implem
18、entation of an adequate quality plan. Such a planaffects the entire project, from planning through design andconstruction to acceptance by the owner. Quality of workduring the construction phase is achieved almost entirely bythe contractor or producers quality-control program. Thisquality-control pr
19、ogram involves everyone from managementto field supervisors to workers. Quality assurance andquality control should have strong, active support from topmanagement and the active concern and participation ofeveryone involved in the construction process. Inspectionand testing are only a part, though a
20、 very important part, ofboth quality-assurance and quality-control programs.1.4Definitions1.4.1 Quality assurance (QA)A management tool for allplanned and systematic actions necessary to ensure that thefinal product meets the requirements of the contractdocuments and standards of good practice for t
21、he work. 1.4.2 Quality control (QC)Actions taken by a contractoror material producer to provide and document control overwhat is being done and what is being provided so that theapplicable standards of good practice and the contractdocuments for the work are followed.1.4.3 OwnerThe individual or org
22、anization havingfinancial and legal responsibility for construction of aproject, as well as bearing the ultimate responsibility for thepublic health, welfare, and safety related to the project. Theterm “owner” includes those organizations or individualsacting as agents for the owner.1.4.4 Architect/
23、engineer (A/E)The architect, engineer,architectural firm, engineering firm, or architectural andengineering firm issuing project drawings and specifications,administering the work under contract specifications anddrawings, or both.1.4.5 ContractorThe organization responsible forconstructing a projec
24、t according to the project specificationsand design drawings. The contractor may also possess theresponsibilities of the A/E in designing and building theproject and contract execution.1.4.6 Construction manager or owners representativeThe person or management organization responsible to theowner fo
25、r coordination and review of all contracted work.The persons or organizations role is to coordinate andcommunicate the entire scope of work to achieve a moreefficient construction process.1.4.7 Inspection organizationThe organization, agency,or testing laboratory that is responsible for providing in
26、spectionand testing for the owner or for providing quality-controlinspection and testing for the contractor or producer.1.4.8 InspectionVisual observations, measurements,and field and laboratory testing of activities, components,and materials to specified requirements along with therecording and eva
27、luation of such data.1.4.9 Inspection/test reportA document that records theresults of observations, measurements, and tests as verifiedby the initials or signature of the individual responsible forthe inspection/test activity.1.4.10 Material manufacturer or supplierThe organizationresponsible for p
28、roducing or manufacturing a product or materialused in the process of construction, or for supplying products ormaterials to a project, with or without performing additionaloperations on the product or material.1.5Categories of inspectionInspection activities generally fall into one of the categorie
29、sdescribed in 1.5.1 through 1.5.4.1.5.1 Owners inspectionInspections and testsconducted by or for the owner either by the owners in-houseinspection group or by an independent inspection agency.Owner inspection is a part of the external quality assuranceprogram conducted by the owner. Results of thes
30、e inspectionsform the basis of the owners decision to ultimately accept thework performed by the contractor. Owner-inspection programsshould be structured so as to provide the owner with anacceptable degree of assurance that the work of thecontractor is in conformance with the contract documents.1.5
31、.2 Quality-control inspection: contractorA series offormalized activities and procedures that are part of thecontractors operation, providing in-process evaluation of thequality of construction. These activities help to assure thecontractor that the finished construction will meet allrequirements of
32、 the project plans, drawings, and specifications,and will be accepted by the owner.1.5.3 Quality-control inspection: producerA series offormalized activities and procedures that are part of theGUIDE FOR CONCRETE INSPECTION 311.4R-3fabricating or manufacturing operation of a producer orfabricator of
33、concrete materials, reinforcement, or productswho furnishes products to the construction industry or to aspecific project. Examples are operations of cement andaggregate producers, concrete producers, precasters,prestressing concrete fabricators, and reinforcing steel millsand fabricators. Productio
34、n-inspection personnel operateessentially the same way as those described for thecontractor. They aid in ensuring that finished products willmeet general specifications or those specifications relative toa specific project.1.5.4 Compliance inspectionA series of formalizedactivities and procedures pe
35、rformed by government agenciescharged with the responsibility for enforcing building codesand other regulations. In these cases, compliance inspectorshave the responsibility for ensuring that the finished structureconforms to specified codes or regulations. The organizationand activities of these in
36、spectors are governed almostentirely by the requirements of building codes or governmentregulations. An overlap of compliance inspection andowner inspection often occurs when the owner engages theservices of a special inspector, as required by some buildingcodes, to oversee and confirm the performan
37、ce of inspectionsrequired by the code. In most cases, the technical requirementsof the building code are similar, if not identical, to the require-ments given in project specifications and drawings.1.6Inspection teamRegardless of classification, an inspection team or groupmay consist of a number of
38、individuals or, for very smallprojects, a single individual. Inspection may be performedby a variety of groups, such as:Owners inspection personnel;A/Es inspection personnel;Laboratorys inspection force;Contractors inspection force; andMaterial manufacturers and suppliers inspection force.All inspec
39、tion force personnel should be qualified and, asapplicable, certified to conduct inspections and tests forwhich they are assigned.CHAPTER 2RESPONSIBILITIES2.1ScopeThis chapter defines the general responsibilities forinspection placed on the owner, A/E, inspection organizationcontractor, and manufact
40、urer or fabricator in conforming tothe recommendations of this guide.2.2Owners responsibilities2.2.1 The owner should provide for a program of inspectionseparate and distinct from quality-control inspection conductedby the contractor or by material producers. The A/E shouldprovide the owner with rec
41、ommendations for the scope andcontent of inspections and tests to be included in the ownersinspection plan. The owner should review the inspectionplan with the A/E and, where appropriate, select the level ofinspection required that is consistent with project size,quality, complexity, and the require
42、ments of the localbuilding code.2.2.2 In conjunction with the A/E, the owner should beresponsible for arranging a preconstruction conference thatincludes all parties involved in the construction project. Theconference should include review of the inspection andtesting plan(s), and confirm lines of c
43、ommunication,responsibilities, and minimum quality levels for the project.To be effective, the inspection personnel should have theactive support of the owner.2.2.3 The fee for owner inspection should be a separateand distinct item and should be paid by the owner, or by theA/E acting on behalf of th
44、e owner, directly to the inspectionorganization. The owner or A/E should avoid the undesirablepractice of arranging payment through the contractor forinspection services intended for use by the owner as a basis ofacceptance. Such a practice is not in the owners interest andmay result in a conflict o
45、f interests. Impartial service is difficultunder such circumstances, and the fees for inspection areeventually paid by the owner in any case.2.2.4 As a professional service, the selection of theinspection organization/laboratory should be based primarily onqualifications, not on price. It should be
46、done as carefully as theselection of the A/E. The owner should check the physicalfacilities of the organization/laboratory, review the supervisoryprogram and the qualifications of the supervisory staff, andreview accreditations, the latest evaluation, or both, made by theevaluation authority and ens
47、ure that any necessary correctivemeasures have been taken. It should review the organizationsongoing training program of its personnel. The personnelshould be certified and meet the qualifications of Section 3.5. Theowner should also review the qualifications of all testing andinspection personnel t
48、o be assigned to the owners project.The owners approval should be required for all personnelbefore such assignment.2.2.5 When the project specifications require extensivequality-control inspection by the contractor, the ownershould not reduce or eliminate owner inspection. If thecontractors quality-
49、control inspection program becomes theowners inspection program, the system is nullified. Theobjections are exactly as stated previously against the practiceof having the contractor hire and pay an inspector to performinspection for the owner. When the owner requires thecontractor to have a quality-control inspection program, theowner should still accept responsibility for inspection to provideassurance that the contractors quality-control program achievesits objectives.2.3Architect/engineers inspection resp
