1、 American National Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation Detectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control Sponsored by the National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 4 June 2011Accredited by the American
2、National Standards Institute ANSI N42.49A-2011ANSI N42.49A- 2011 American National Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation Detectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control Sponsor National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 Accredited by the American Nat
3、ional Standards Institute Secretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Approved 4 January 2011 American National Standards Institute Abstract: This standard establishes minimum performance criteria and test requirements for four categories of alarming electronic radiation dete
4、ctors used to manage exposure by alerting the emergency responders when they are exposed to photon radiation. The instruments provide rapid and clear indication of the level of radiation exposure and/or exposure rate and readily recognizable alarms. The alarms are both audible and visual, and distin
5、guishable between exposure rate and exposure. Keywords: alarming detectors, ANSI N42.49A, design criteria, exposure, exposure rate, performance specifications, pocket-sized, personal radiation detectors, photon radiation, radiation detection The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
6、. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 4 June 2011. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1-978-750-8400. Permission to photocopy
7、portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of ANSI N42.49A-2011, American National Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation Det
8、ectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control. This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42. The standard was approved on N42 letter ballot. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws
9、and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards,
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14、at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserve
15、d. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following U
16、RL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validit
17、y of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in co
18、nnection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own res
19、ponsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42, h
20、ad the following members: Michael P. Unterweger, Chair Michael Kipness, Administrative secretary Organization represented .Name of representative CanberraBob Huckins Chew, M.HJack M. Selby Commerce Dept, U.S. NIST .Michael P. Unterweger Computer Dependability Associates, LLC.Gary Johnson Consultant
21、Frank X. Masse Department of Homeland Security. Peter Shebell Entergy-ANO Ron Schwartz Health Physics Soc. Sandy Perle Harvard University Joseph Ring Institute of Electrical Protective Action Guides for Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents; Notice 71FR174
22、. IAEA EPRFIRST RESPONDERS 2006, Manual for First Responders to a Radiological Emergency.3IAEA-TECDOC-1432 (2005), Development of an Extended Framework for Emergency Response Criteria. ICRP Publication 96 (2006), Protecting People Against Radiation Exposure in the Event of a Radiological Attack. IEC
23、 60846-1:2009, Radiation protection instrumentationAmbient and/or directional dose equivalent (rate) meters and/or monitors for beta, X and gamma radiationPart 1: Portable workplace and environmental meters and monitors.4IEC 60846-2:2007, Radiation protection instrumentationAmbient and/or directiona
24、l dose equivalent (rate) meters and/or monitors for beta, X and gamma radiationPart 2: High range beta and photon dose and dose rate portable instruments for emergency radiation protection. IEC 61526:2005, Radiation protection instrumentationMeasurement of personal dose equivalent HP(10) and HP(0,07
25、) for x-gamma, neutron and beta radiationsDirect reading personal dose equivalent meters and monitors. NCRP Commentary No. 19 (2005), “Key Elements of Preparing Emergency Responders for Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism.” NCRP Report No. 138 (2001), “Management of Terrorist Events Involving Radioac
26、tive Material.” NFPA 1971 (2007), Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting.5NFPA 1982 (2007), National Fire Protection Association Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS). NFPA 472: (2008), Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous M
27、aterials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents. UL 94 (2010), Standard for Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances.6UL 913 (2010), Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III, Division 1 Hazardous (Classif
28、ied) Locations. 3IAEA publications are available from the International Atomic Energy Agency (http:/www.iaea.org/). 4IEC publications are available from the Sales Department of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Case Postale 131, 3, rue de Varemb, CH-1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (h
29、ttp:/www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http:/ www.ansi.org/). 5NFPA publications are available from Publications Sales, National Fire Protec
30、tion Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101, USA (http:/www.nfpa.org/). 6UL standards are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http:/ 3 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. ANSI N42.49A-2011 American Nation
31、al Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation Detectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions The following terminology applies to this standard, which has been developed at the request of the U.S. Departm
32、ent of Homeland Security (DHS) for instruments to be used by the DHS and emergency responders. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms and 2) systematic (Type B) errors that are evaluated by other means. variance (2): A measure of dispersion, which is the sum of the squared deviation of obs
33、ervations from their mean divided by one less than the number of observations. 212)(11=niixxn3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations ANSI American National Standards Institute COV coefficient of variation CTV conventionally true value DHS (U. S.) Department of Homeland Security 6 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rig
34、hts reserved. ANSI N42.49A-2011 American National Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation Detectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control DOE (U. S.) Department of Energy ESD electrostatic discharge RF radio frequency IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IEC
35、International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ICRP/ICRU International Commission on Radiological Protection/International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ISO International Organization for Standards NCRP National Council on Radiation
36、Protection and Measurements NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NRC (U. S.) Nuclear Regulatory Commission NFPA National Fire Protection Association PASS Personal Alert Safety Systems PERD Personal Emergency Radiation Detector PAG Protective Action Guide SI System International UL Und
37、erwriters Laboratory 4. General considerations Unless otherwise specified in the individual performance tests, all tests enumerated in this standard are to be considered as type tests. Certain tests may be considered as acceptance tests by agreement between the customer and the manufacturer. 4.1 Sta
38、ndard test conditions Except where otherwise specified, the tests in this standard shall be carried out under the standard test conditions shown in Table 1. Table 1 Standard test conditions Influence quantity Standard test conditions Ambient temperature 18 C to 25 C (64 F to 77 F) Relative humidity
39、10% to 93% 3% Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa to 101.3 kPa (525 mm to 760 mm of mercury) at 0 C (32 F) Battery voltage Fresh batteries 7 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. ANSI N42.49A-2011 American National Standard for Performance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emergency Radiation De
40、tectors (PERDs) for Exposure Control Influence quantity Standard test conditions Reference point Effective center of detector as marked; beam incident orthogonal to front face of detector (electronic, self developing photochemical detectors) or perpendicular to long axis (direct reading detector) El
41、ectromagnetic field of external origin Negligible Magnetic induction of external origin Negligible Instrument controls Set up for normal operation; alarm set points set to default unless otherwise specified by test method Radiation background Ambient photon exposure rate of 5 R/h to 25 R/h (0.04 Gy/
42、h to 0.022 Gy/h) Contamination by radioactive elements Negligible Reference photon radiations NS80 x-rays or 241Am, 137Cs, 60Co Irradiation geometry Free in air except where the use of a phantom is explicitly specified Phantom A polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA) slab with a thickness of 15 cm and a face
43、 no smaller than 30 cm-by-30 cm and no larger than 40 cm-by-40 cm (ANSI N13.11-2009) NOTEThe characteristics of the reference photon radiations are given in ISO 4037-1 B6 and ISO 4037-2 B7. The calibrations of these sources shall be traceable to NIST (see ANSI N42.22 B1 and ANSI N42.23 B2). For thos
44、e tests intended to determine the effects of variations in the influence quantities, all other influence quantities should be maintained within the limits for standard test conditions given in Table 1, unless otherwise specified in the test procedure concerned. All test results shall be documented.
45、4.2 Units, quantities, and uncertainties Throughout the text, radiological quantities will be expressed in conventional units; SI units can be calculated using Table 2 and Table 3. The uncertainties for any measurable quantity (e.g., radiation field, temperature, humidity, electromagnetic field) sha
46、ll be documented and should not exceed 5% with a coverage factor, k, of 1. For the purposes of this standard the radiological units of exposure rate (R/h) will be used for x-ray and gamma-ray radiation. Exposure rate can be converted to air-kerma rate by using the conversion factors in Table 2. Tabl
47、e 2 Roentgen to rad conversion factors Radionuclide Conversion factorPhotons (10000 lux) at a distance of 91.4 cm (3 ft). 5.12.2 Test method Two PERDs shall be used for this test. One shall be indicating an alarm and the other shall not. A minimum of five individuals shall observe the PERDs in the h
48、igh light level (20000 lux 4000 lux) measured at the location of the alarm indicator with no obstructions between the PERD and high light level. Audible alarm indications will be disabled for this test. The tester may not shade or otherwise influence the light conditions for the PERD. The minimum ac
49、ceptable result is 27 correct perceptions out of 30 observations based on six observations per tester. 5.13 Vibration alarm 5.13.1 Requirements If the instrument has a vibration alarm, the vibration alarm shall have sufficient intensity to alert the wearer to an alarm condition. The use of soft-sided carrying pouches is discouraged. If a holder is used, there should be a rigid connection between the holder and the instrument such that there is no loss of vibration intensity to the user. The intensity of the vibra
