1、 IEC TS 62556 Edition 1.0 2014-04 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Ultrasonics Field characterization Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems IEC TS 62556:2014-04(en) colour inside THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyr
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11、 Field characterization Specification and measurement of field parameters for high intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION XD ICS 17.140.50 PRICE CODE ISBN 978-2-8322-1505-0 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical C
12、ommission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour inside 2 IEC TS 62556:2014 IEC 2014 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 6 INTRODUCTION . 8 1 Scope 9 2 Normative references 9 3 Terms and definitions 10 4 List of symbols 31 5 Independent measurement of total acou
13、stic output power 33 6 Acoustic field measurement: equipment . 33 6.1 Hydrophone . 33 6.1.1 General 33 6.1.2 Sensitivity of a hydrophone . 34 6.1.3 Directional response of a hydrophone . 34 6.1.4 Effective hydrophone radius . 34 6.1.5 Choice of the size of a hydrophone active element . 34 6.1.6 Hydr
14、ophone pressure limits 35 6.1.7 Hydrophone intensity limits . 35 6.1.8 Hydrophone cable length and amplifiers . 36 6.2 Requirements for positioning and water baths 36 6.2.1 General 36 6.2.2 Positioning systems 36 6.2.3 Water bath 37 6.3 Requirements for data acquisition and analysis systems 38 6.4 R
15、equirements and recommendations for ultrasonic equipment being characterized . 39 7 Measurement procedure 39 7.1 General 39 7.2 Preparation and alignment . 39 7.2.1 Initial adjustment to driving voltage . 39 7.2.2 Preparation of source transducer 40 7.2.3 Aligning an ultrasonic transducer and hydrop
16、hone 41 7.2.4 Beam-axis scan 41 7.2.5 Measurements to be made at z = z p41 7.2.6 Further evaluation for sidelobes and pre-focal maxima . 43 7.3 Considerations for scanning transducers and transducers with multiple sources 44 7.3.1 Automatic scanning transducers . 44 7.4 Linear extrapolation of field
17、 values . 44 7.4.1 General 44 7.4.2 Calculation of I sal. 45 7.4.3 Scaling for sidelobes and pre-focal maxima 45 7.5 Reporting . 45 Annex A (informative) Rationale . 53 A.1 General 53 A.2 Detailed discussion of difficulties in HITU field measurements . 53 A.2.1 Very high pressures 53 A.2.2 Very high
18、 intensities . 54 IEC TS 62556:2014 IEC 2014 3 A.2.3 Strong focusing 54 A.2.4 Nonlinear harmonics . 54 A.2.5 Acoustic saturation and nonlinear loss 55 A.2.6 Damage to hydrophones may only be apparent at high pressures . 55 A.3 Approach of this technical specification 55 Annex B (informative) Assessm
19、ent of uncertainty in the acoustic quantities obtained by hydrophone measurements . 57 B.1 General 57 B.2 Overall (expanded) uncertainty 57 B.3 Common sources of uncertainty . 57 Annex C (informative) Transducer and hydrophone positioning systems 59 Annex D (informative) Rationale for I sal. 60 D.1
20、General rationale . 60 D.2 Determination of P c,6using hydrophone measurements and extrapolation from linear measurements. 60 D.3 Alternative determination of P c,6using an aperture in combination with a measurement of total acoustic output power 60 D.4 Special case of uniformly vibrating sphericall
21、y shaped transducers 61 Annex E (normative) Propagation and back-propagation methods for field reconstruction: basic formulae and requirements . 62 E.1 Motivation and background 62 E.2 Theory . 62 E.2.1 General 62 E.2.2 Fourier projection approach 64 E.2.3 Rayleigh integral approach . 67 E.3 Impleme
22、ntation 68 E.3.1 General 68 E.3.2 Recommendations for hydrophone 68 E.3.3 Recommendation for planar scan parameters . 69 E.4 Assessment of uncertainties 71 Annex F (informative) Propagation and back-propagation methods for field reconstruction: examples and uses 73 F.1 Examples . 73 F.1.1 Fourier pr
23、ojection example . 73 F.1.2 Rayleigh integral projection example 77 F.2 Other propagation method applications 81 Annex G (normative) Planar scanning of a hydrophone to determine acoustic output power 82 G.1 Introduction 82 G.2 General principle 82 G.3 Hydrophone scanning methodology 83 G.3.1 General
24、 methodology 83 G.3.2 Particular considerations for implementation for HITU fields . 84 G.4 Corrections and sources of measurement uncertainty 84 G.4.1 Uncertainty in the hydrophone calibration 84 G.4.2 Planar scanning . 84 G.4.3 Attenuation factor of water: unfocusing transducers 85 G.4.4 Attenuati
25、on factor of water: focusing transducers 85 G.4.5 Received hydrophone signal . 85 4 IEC TS 62556:2014 IEC 2014 G.4.6 Integration 86 G.4.7 Finite size of the hydrophone 86 G.4.8 partial extent of integration . 86 G.4.9 Non-linear propagation . 86 G.4.10 Directional response . 87 G.4.11 Noise 87 G.4.1
26、2 Intensity approximated by derived intensity . 87 Annex H (informative) Properties of water 88 H.1 General 88 H.2 Attenuation coefficient for propagation in water 89 Annex I (informative) Propagation medium and degassing . 90 Bibliography 91 Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the different planes and li
27、nes in an ultrasonic field for a rectangular HITU transducer 47 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly symmetric HITU transducer . 48 Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly sym
28、metric HITU transducer with a circular hole in its center 49 Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the different planes and lines in an ultrasonic field for a circularly symmetric HITU transducer with a rectangular hole in its center for a diagnostic transducer (HITU transducer azimuth axis aligned with azi
29、muth scan axis of diagnostic transducer) 50 Figure 5 Parameters for describing a focusing transducer of an unknown geometry (IEC 61828) 51 Figure 6 Overall measurement scheme 52 Figure C.1 Schematic diagram of the ultrasonic transducer and hydrophone degrees of freedom. X, Y and Z denote the axis di
30、rections relative to the mounted hydrophone and ultrasonic transducer. . 59 Figure E.1 Geometry of problem for forward and backward projection techniques. . 63 Figure E.2 Transducer focused at 15mm, y = 48,16 mm, z = 56,85 mm 66 Figure E.3 Selection of acquisition window 70 Figure E.4 Scanned field
31、compared to its reconstruction from a finite window 71 Figure F.1 Transducer inside 2-axis scanner setup 73 Figure F.2 Pressure amplitude as scanned 74 Figure F.3 Reconstructed pressure amplitude distribution in 3 orthogonal planes that contain the focal point . 75 Figure F.4 3D representation of th
32、e focal beam for nominal focus at x = 0,85 mm, y = 0,25 mm, z = 58,95 mm . 76 Figure F.5 Reconstruction of pressure amplitudes on the transducer surface (transducer aperture plane). 77 Figure F.6 Experimental arrangement 78 Figure F.7 Amplitude and phase distribution of acoustic pressure measured at
33、 the scanning region 79 Figure F.8 Amplitude and phase distribution of acoustic pressure reconstructed at the transducer aperture plane . 79 Figure F.9 Comparison of the axial distribution of pressure amplitudes as projected from the aperture plane (red) and as measured (blue) 80 IEC TS 62556:2014 I
34、EC 2014 5 Figure F.10 Comparison of the schlieren image (A) and the corresponding YZ distribution of acoustic pressure amplitudes projected from the transducer aperture plane (B) . 81 Table H.1 Speed of sound c , and characteristic acoustic impedance, c, as a function of temperature, for propagation
35、 in water 88 6 IEC TS 62556:2014 IEC 2014 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ ULTRASONICS FIELD CHARACTERIZATION SPECIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FIELD PARAMETERS FOR HIGH INTENSITY THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND (HITU) TRANSDUCERS AND SYSTEMS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commissio
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48、ndard. Technical specifications are subject to review within three years of publication to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. IEC/TS 62556, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87: Ultrasonics IEC TS 62556:2014 IEC 2014 7
49、The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 87/521/DTS 87/545/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. NOTE 1 The following point types are used: Requirements: in roman type Notes: small roman type Words in
