1、 IEC/TR 62283 Edition 2.0 2010-06 TECHNICAL REPORT Optical fibres Guidance for nuclear radiation tests IEC/TR 62283:2010(E) THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2010 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced o
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9、/custserv If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service Centre FAQ or contact us: Email: csciec.ch Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC/TR 62283 Edition 2.0 2010-06 TECHNICAL REPORT Optical fibres Guidance for nucle
10、ar radiation tests INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION V ICS 33.180.10 PRICE CODE ISBN 978-2-88912-031-4 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission 2 TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD.4 INTRODUCTION.6 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references .7 3 Radiation units, dose c
11、alculation 7 4 Radiation shielding.9 5 Radiation environments and exposure9 5.1 Natural radioactivity 9 5.2 Nuclear reactors (fission) 9 5.3 Fusion reactors .9 5.4 High-energy physics experiments 10 5.5 Space environments10 5.6 Medicine .10 5.7 Military environments 11 5.8 Industrial environments .1
12、1 6 Irradiation facilities and dosimetry 11 6.1 General .11 6.2 Continuous gamma irradiation.12 6.3 Neutron irradiation.12 6.4 Proton irradiation.13 6.5 Electron irradiation 14 6.6 Pulsed irradiation 15 7 Radiation effects on optical fibres.15 8 Radiation-induced transmission loss.16 8.1 Overview.16
13、 8.2 Fibre type17 8.3 Radiation history .17 8.4 Wavelength dependence .17 8.5 Temperature dependence18 8.6 Light power dependence, photobleaching19 8.7 Dose rate dependence 21 8.8 Pulsed irradiations.23 8.9 Radiation type dependence .24 8.10 Loss annealing25 8.11 Conclusions 25 9 Measurement techniq
14、ues and quality assurance of attenuation measurements.26 10 Radiation effects on passive fibre optic components.26 10.1 Connectors26 10.2 Couplers and multiplexers .27 10.3 Fibre Bragg gratings27 Bibliography29 Figure 1 Wavelength dependence of the radiation-induced loss of a Ge-doped graded index f
15、ibre (50/125 m) .17 Figure 2 Temperature dependence of the radiation-induced loss19 TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) 3 Figure 3 Light power dependence of the radiation-induced loss of an undoped single-mode fibre 20 Figure 4 Light power dependence of the radiation-induced loss in modern MM SI and SM fibres .20
16、Figure 5 Dose rate dependence of the radiation-induced loss; T = 22 C .22 Figure 6 Annealing of the radiation-induced loss of a Ge-doped GI fibre after pulsed electron irradiation with dose values of 5 Gy(SiO 2 ), 100 Gy(SiO 2 ) and 1 000 Gy(SiO 2 ), respectively 23 4 TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) INTERNATIO
17、NAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ OPTICAL FIBRES GUIDANCE FOR NUCLEAR RADIATION TESTS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to
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28、 is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC 62283, which is a technical
29、report, has been prepared by subcommittee 86A: Fibres and cables, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC/TR 62283 published in 2003 and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are
30、listed below: Clause 5 now also covers Industrial environment. a new Clause 9 has been added to deal with “Measurement techniques and quality assurance of attenuation measurements“. TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) 5 The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on
31、voting 86A/1312/DTR 86A/1327/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The committee has decided that the content
32、s of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. A bilingual versi
33、on of this publication may be issued at a later date. 6 TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) INTRODUCTION In order to restrict the test method of IEC 60793-1-54, Optical fibres Part 1-54: Measure- ment methods and test procedures Gamma irradiation to a clear, concise listing of instructions, the background knowledg
34、e that is necessary to perform correct, relevant and expressive irradiation tests as well as to limit measurement uncertainty is presented here separately as a “guidance document“. TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) 7 OPTICAL FIBRES GUIDANCE FOR NUCLEAR RADIATION TESTS 1 Scope This technical report gives a short
35、summary of the radiation exposure in certain environments and applications and the different radiation effects on fibres. It also describes the most important radiation effect, i.e. the increase of transmission loss, and its strong dependence on a variety of fibre properties and test conditions. The
36、se dependencies need to be known in order to perform appropriate tests for each specific application as well as to understand, compare and qualify the test results obtained at different laboratories when performed according to IEC 60793-1-54, Optical fibres Part 1-54: Measurement methods and test pr
37、ocedures Gamma irradiation. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies
38、. IEC 60793-1-40, Optical fibres Part 1- 40: Measurement methods and test procedures Attenuation IEC 60793-1-46, Optical fibres Part 1-46: Measurement methods and test procedures Monitoring of changes in optical transmittance IEC 60793-1-54, Optical fibres Part 1-54: Measurement methods and test pro
39、cedures Gamma irradiation 3 Radiation units, dose calculation The interaction of radiation with matter depends on charge, mass and energy in the case of particle radiation (for example, electrons, protons, neutrons, alphas and heavy ions) and on energy in the case of electromagnetic radiation such a
40、s X-rays or gamma quanta. The interaction causes an energy transfer to the respective matter. This leads to ionization and warming up. Additionally structural damage in the material may occur at higher doses, leading to other effects such as changes of refractive index or mechanical properties. The
41、higher the radiations energy, the stronger its penetrability and the longer its range. The energy unit is the electron Volt (eV). Usual radiation energies in natural or technical environments range from tens of keV (medical X-rays) to several MeV (fission or fusion reactors and nuclear weapons). Cur
42、rent energies at high-energy physics accelerators vary depending on the type of colliding particles. The highest energy for electron-positron collisions is 100 GeV per beam. For proton-proton collisions the energy per beam is 1 TeV. The new “Large Hadron Collider“ (LHC) at CERN uses beams with an en
43、ergy of 7 TeV. In addition, there are quite a number of other accelerators which operate between these limits. Note that these energies refer to the colliding particles. The secondary particles, i.e. the ones likely to affect fibres, have much lower energies. The energy deposited by ionizing radiati
44、on in matter is called “energy dose“ (or absorbed dose). The old unit is rad, (rd or rad); 1 rad = 100 erg/g (1 erg = 10 7J) but should not be used anymore. The SI unit is the Gray Gy; 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad. 8 TR 62283 IEC:2010(E) Some dosimeter types measure the charge released in a gas (for exam
45、ple, ionization chambers). This was used to define another type of dose, the “ion dose“. The ion dose unit is the rntgen (non-SI unit), R; 1 R = 2,58 10 4C/kg, with C = charge unit (coulomb). Conversion of ion dose, D, to energy dose, D, can be performed for 60 Co gamma rays (about 1,2 MeV) by D R G
46、y(air) 0,879 D = (1) If this unit is used, the values of relevant quantities shall be given in terms of SI units first followed by these non-SI units in parentheses. The energy transfer of gammas and X-rays to matter depends on their energy as well as on the irradiated material. Therefore, the mater
47、ial has to be added to the dose unit (for example Gy(Si), rad(SiO 2 ), Gy(air) etc.), and the dose D(d) measured with a dosimeter material d (for example, air) can differ significantly from the dose D(m) deposited in the investigated material m (for example, Si, SiO 2 , InGaAs etc.). The dose ratio
48、between both materials D(m) is given by the ratio of their “photon mass energy absorption coefficient“ en /: ) d ( D ) / ( ) / ( ) m ( D d en m en = (2) The en /-values can differ significantly, especially for materials of high and low atomic number at energies 300 keV. They are tabulated for variou
49、s elements and compounds in reference 1 1 . The dose rate, i.e. the dose exposition per time, should be given in units of Gy/h, kGy/h, or Gy/s. The intensity of particle radiation is usually characterized by the fluence . The unit is particles/cm 2or only cm 2 . The dose of charged particles (in a certain material depth) can be calculated from their fluence and their (energy-dependent) energy loss per unit of
