1、 TECHNICAL REPORT IECTR 60071-4First edition 2004-06Insulation co-ordination Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of electrical networks Reference number IEC/TR 60071-4:2004(E) Publication numbering As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a design
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7、entre (see below) for further information. Customer Service Centre If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserviec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 TECHNICAL REPORT IEC TR 60071-4First editi
8、on 2004-06Insulation co-ordination Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of electrical networks PRICE CODE IEC 2004 Copyright - all rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includi
9、ng photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varemb, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch XE For price, see curren
10、t catalogue Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical Commission 2 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD.7 1 Scope and object9 2 Normative references9 3 Terms and definitions .9 4 List of symbols and acronyms .12 5 Types of overvoltages.12 6 Types of studies .13 6.
11、1 Temporary overvoltages (TOV) 14 6.2 Slow-front overvoltages (SFO) .14 6.3 Fast-front overvoltages (FFO)15 6.4 Very-fast-front overvoltages (VFFO).15 7 Representation of network components and numerical considerations.15 7.1 General .15 7.2 Numerical considerations.15 7.3 Representation of overhead
12、 lines and underground cables.18 7.4 Representation of network components when computing temporary overvoltages19 7.5 Representation of network components when computing slow-front overvoltages25 7.6 Representation of network components when computing fast-front transients.30 7.7 Representation of n
13、etwork components when computing very-fast-front overvoltages42 8 Temporary overvoltages analysis 44 8.1 General .44 8.2 Fast estimate of temporary overvoltages45 8.3 Detailed calculation of temporary overvoltages 2, 945 9 Slow-front overvoltages analysis .48 9.1 General .48 9.2 Fast methodology to
14、conduct SFO studies .48 9.3 Method to be employed49 9.4 Guideline to conduct detailed statistical methods .49 10 Fast-front overvoltages analysis52 10.1 General .52 10.2 Guideline to apply statistical and semi-statistical methods53 11 Very-fast-front overvoltage analysis 58 11.1 General .58 11.2 Goa
15、l of the studies to be performed .58 11.3 Origin and typology of VFFO58 11.4 Guideline to perform studies 60 12 Test cases60 12.1 General .60 12.2 Case 1: TOV on a large transmission system including long lines.60 12.3 Case 2 (SFO) Energization of a 500 kV line 68 12.4 Case 3 (FFO) Lightning protect
16、ion of a 500 kV GIS substation 73 12.5 Case 4 (VFFO) Simulation of transients in a 765 kV GIS 51 80 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) 3 Annex A (informative) Representation of overhead lines and underground cables .86 Annex B (informative) Arc modelling: the physics of the circuit-breaker.90 Annex C (informati
17、ve) Probabilistic methods for computing lightning-related risk of failure of power system apparatus .93 Annex D (informative) Test case 5 (TOV) Resonance between a line and a reactor in a 400/220 kV transmission system 99 Annex E (informative) Test case 6 (SFO) Evaluation of the risk of failure of a
18、 gas- insulated line due to SFO 105 Annex F (informative) Test case 7 (FFO) High-frequency arc extinction when switching a reactor 113 Bibliography116 Figure 1 Types of overvoltages (excepted very-fast-front overvoltages).12 Figure 2 Damping resistor applied to an inductance.17 Figure 3 Damping resi
19、stor applied to a capacitance .17 Figure 4 Example of assumption for the steady-state calculation of a non-linear element.17 Figure 5 AC-voltage equivalent circuit.19 Figure 6 Dynamic source modelling 20 Figure 7 Linear network equivalent .21 Figure 8 Representation of load in 56 .24 Figure 9 Repres
20、entation of the synchronous machine .26 Figure 10 Diagram showing double distribution used for statistical switches29 Figure 11 Multi-story transmission tower 16, H = l 1+ l 2+ l 3+ l 4 31 Figure 12 Example of a corona branch model .33 Figure 13 Example of volt-time curve.34 Figure 14 Double ramp sh
21、ape.38 Figure 15 CIGRE concave shape39 Figure 16 Simplified model of earthing electrode.41 Figure 17 Example of a one-substation-deep network modelling .51 Figure 18 Example of a two-substation-deep network modelling51 Figure 19 Application of statistical or semi-statistical methods 53 Figure 20 App
22、lication of the electro-geometric model56 Figure 21 Limit function for the two random variables considered: the maximum value of the lightning current and the disruptive voltage 57 Figure 22 At the GIS-air interface: coupling between enclosure and earth (Z 3 ), between overhead line and earth (Z 2 )
23、 and between bus conductor and enclosure (Z 1 ) 33 59 Figure 23 Single-line diagram of the test-case system 62 Figure 24 TOV at CHM7, LVD7 and CHE7 from system transient stability simulation.63 Figure 25 Generator frequencies at generating centres Nos. 1, 2 and 3 from system transient stability simu
24、lation 64 Figure 26 Block diagram of dynamic source model 55.65 Figure 27 TOV at LVD7 Electromagnetic transient simulation with 588 kV and 612 kV permanent surge arresters.66 4 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) Figure 28 TOV at CHM7 Electromagnetic transient simulation with 588 kV and 612 kV permanent surge ar
25、resters.67 Figure 29 TOV at LVD7 Electromagnetic transient simulation with 484 kV switched metal-oxide surge arresters.67 Figure 30 TOV at CHM7 Electromagnetic transient simulation with 484 kV switched metal-oxide surge arresters.67 Figure 31 Representation of the system68 Figure 32 Auxiliary contac
26、t and main 70 Figure 33 An example of cumulative probability function of phase-to-earth overvoltages and of discharge probability of insulation in a configuration with trapped charges and insertion resistors72 Figure 34 Number of failure for 1 000 operations versus the withstand voltage of the insul
27、ation 72 Figure 35 Schematic diagram of a 500 kV GIS substation intended for lightning studies74 Figure 36 Waveshape of the lightning stroke current.75 Figure 37 Response surface approximation (failure and safe-state representation for one GIS section (node) 77 Figure 38 Limit-state representation i
28、n the probability space of the physical variables Risk evaluation .79 Figure 39 Single-line diagram of a 765 kV GIS with a closing disconnector .81 Figure 40 Simulation scheme of the 765 kV GIS part involved in the transient phenomena of interest.81 Figure 41 4 ns ramp .84 Figure 42 Switch operation
29、 .85 Figure A.1 Pi-model86 Figure A.2 Representation of the single conductor line87 Figure B.1 SF 6circuit-breaker switching .91 Figure C.1 Example of a failure domain 96 Figure D.1 The line and the reactance are energized at the same time99 Figure D.2 Energization configuration of the line minimizi
30、ng the risk of temporary overvoltage .100 Figure D.3 Malfunction of a circuit-breaker pole during energization of a transformer 102 Figure D.4 Voltage in substation B phase A whose pole has not closed.103 Figure D.5 Voltage in substation B phase B whose pole closed correctly.103 Figure D.6 Voltage i
31、n substation B phase A where the breaker failed to close (configuration of Figure D.2)104 Figure E.1 Electric circuit used to perform closing overvoltage calculations.105 Figure E.2 Calculated overvoltage distribution Two estimated Gauss probability functions resulting from two different fitting cri
32、teria (the U 2%and U 10%guarantees a good fitting of the most dangerous overvoltages).107 Figure E.3 Example of switching overvoltage between phases A and B . and phase-to-earth (A and B) 109 Figure E.4 Voltage distribution along the GIL (ER-energization ED-energization under single-phase fault ChPg
33、-trapped charges) .110 Figure F.1 Test circuit (Copyright1998 IEEE 48) .113 Figure F.2 Terminal voltage and current of GCB model (Copyright 1998 IEEE 48).113 Figure F.3 Measured arc parameter (Copyright 1998 IEEE 48)114 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) 5 Figure F.4 Circuit used for simulation .114 Figure F.5
34、Comparison between measured and calculated results (Copyright 1998 IEEE 48) .115 Table 1 Classes and shapes of overvoltages Standard voltage shapes and standard withstand tests13 Table 2 Correspondence between events and most critical types of overvoltages generated .14 Table 3 Application and limit
35、ation of current overhead line and underground cable models .18 Table 4 Values of U 0 , k, DE for different configurations proposed by 59 35 Table 5 Minimum transformer capacitance to earth taken from 44.37 Table 6 Typical transformer capacitance to earth taken from 2837 Table 7 Circuit-breaker capa
36、citance to earth taken from 28.37 Table 8 Representation of the first negative downward strokes .40 Table 9 Time to half-value of the first negative downward strokes.40 Table 10 Representation of the negative downward subsequent strokes .40 Table 11 Time to half-value of negative downward subsequent
37、 strokes.40 Table 12 Representation of components in VFFO studies .43 Table 13 Types of approach to perform FFO studies.52 Table 14 Source side parameters .69 Table 15 Characteristics of the surge arresters.69 Table 16 Characteristics of the shunt reactor69 Table 17 Capacitance of circuit-breaker70
38、Table 18 Trapped charges70 Table 19 System configurations71 Table 20 Recorded overvoltages 71 Table 21 Number of failures for 1 000 operations72 Table 22 Modelling of the system .76 Table 23 Data used for the application of the EGM .76 Table 24 Crest-current distribution77 Table 25 Number of strikes
39、 terminating on the different sections of the two incoming overhead transmission lines 77 Table 26 Parameters of GIS disruptive voltage distribution and lightning crest-current distribution78 Table 27 FORM risk estimations (tower footing resistance = 10 )79 Table 28 Failure rate estimation for the G
40、IS1180 Table 29 Representation of GIS components Data of the 765 kV GIS.82 Table D.1 Line parameters .100 Table D.2 400 /220/33 kV transformer 101 Table D.3 220 /13,8 kV transformer101 Table D.4 Points of current and flux of 400 /220/33 kV transformer.101 Table D.5 Points of current and flux of 220
41、/13,8 kV transformer.101 Table D.6 Points of current and flux of 400 kV /150 MVAr .102 Table E.1 Parameters of the power supply105 6 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) Table E.2 Standard deviation and U 50Mfor different lengths (SIWV = 1 050 kV).108 Table E.3 Standard deviation and U 50Mfor different lengths (S
42、IWV = 950 kV)108 Table E.4 Standard deviation and U 50Mfor different lengths (SIWV = 850 kV)108 Table E.5 Statistical overvoltages U 2 %and U 10 %for every considered configuration .110 Table E.6 Risks for every considered configuration.111 Table E.7 Number of dielectric breakdowns over 20 000 opera
43、tions for every configuration.112 TR 60071-4 IEC:2004(E) 7 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ INSULATION CO-ORDINATION Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of electrical networks FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide
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