1、 IEC 61453 Edition 2.0 2007-08 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Nuclear instrumentation Scintillation gamma ray detector systems for the assay of radionuclides Calibration and routine tests Instrumentation nuclaire Equipements avec dtecteurs scintillation de rayonnement gamma, pour le dos
2、age de radionuclides Etalonnage et essais individuels IEC 61453:2007 THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2007 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or m
3、echanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or IECs member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the
4、 address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information. Droits de reproduction rservs. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la
5、photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de la CEI ou du Comit national de la CEI du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous dsirez obtenir des droits supplmentaires sur cette publication, utilisez les coordonnes ci-aprs ou contactez le Comit nation
6、al de la CEI de votre pays de rsidence. IEC Central Office 3, rue de Varemb CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Email: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch About the IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for a
7、ll electrical, electronic and related technologies. About IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published. Catalogue of IEC publications: www
8、.iec.ch/searchpub The IEC on-line Catalogue enables you to search by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,). It also gives information on projects, withdrawn and replaced publications. IEC Just Published: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub Stay up to date on all new IEC pub
9、lications. Just Published details twice a month all new publications released. Available on-line and also by email. Electropedia: www.electropedia.org The worlds leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing more than 20 000 terms and definitions in English and French, with
10、 equivalent terms in additional languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary online. Customer Service Centre: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service Centre FAQ or co
11、ntact us: Email: csciec.ch Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 A propos de la CEI La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la premire organisation mondiale qui labore et publie des normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait llectricit, llectronique et aux technologies ap
12、parentes. A propos des publications CEI Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possdez ldition la plus rcente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir t publi. Catalogue des publications de la CEI: www.iec.ch/searchpub/cur_fut-f.htm Le Ca
13、talogue en-ligne de la CEI vous permet deffectuer des recherches en utilisant diffrents critres (numro de rfrence, texte, comit dtudes,). Il donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les publications retires ou remplaces. Just Published CEI: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub Restez inform sur les
14、 nouvelles publications de la CEI. Just Published dtaille deux fois par mois les nouvelles publications parues. Disponible en-ligne et aussi par email. Electropedia: www.electropedia.org Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes lectroniques et lectriques. Il contient plus de 20 000 termes
15、 et dfinitions en anglais et en franais, ainsi que les termes quivalents dans les langues additionnelles. Egalement appel Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International en ligne. Service Clients: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/custserv_entry-f.htm Si vous dsirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publ
16、ication ou si vous avez des questions, visitez le FAQ du Service clients ou contactez-nous: Email: csciec.ch Tl.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC 61453 Edition 2.0 2007-08 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Nuclear instrumentation Scintillation gamma ray detector systems for the
17、assay of radionuclides Calibration and routine tests Instrumentation nuclaire Equipements avec dtecteurs scintillation de rayonnement gamma, pour le dosage de radionuclides Etalonnage et essais individuels INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE R ICS 27.
18、120 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 2-8318-9258-9 2 61453 IEC:2007 CONTENTS FOREWORD.3 1 Scope.5 2 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations5 2.1 Terms and definitions 5 2.2 Symbols and abbreviations8 3 Procedure 9 3.1 Total spectrum counting systems 9 3.1.1 General .9 3.1.2 System response calibratio
19、n9 3.1.3 Activity determination 10 3.1.4 Routine test.10 3.2 Single-channel analyzer counting systems 11 3.2.1 General .11 3.2.2 Energy calibration11 3.2.3 Total absorption peak efficiency calibration .11 3.2.4 Activity determination 11 3.2.5 Routine test.12 3.3 Multichannel analyzer counting system
20、s13 3.3.1 General .13 3.3.2 Energy calibration13 3.3.3 Total absorption peak efficiency calibration (see 5.10).13 3.3.4 Activity determination 14 3.3.5 Routine test.14 4 Sources of error and uncertainty.15 5 Precautions 15 5.1 Assay of a radionuclide for which no reference source is readily availabl
21、e 15 5.2 Assay of mixtures of radionuclides 16 5.3 Thin-window detectors.16 5.4 Count rates .16 5.5 Geometric correction factors .16 5.6 Counting statistics and range of measurement 16 5.7 Dead time corrections .16 5.8 Correction for decay during the counting period 17 5.9 Counting geometry 18 5.10
22、Total absorption peak efficiency versus energy function 18 5.11 Net count rate .18 5.12 Temperature effects 18 Bibliography19 61453 IEC:2007 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION SCINTILLATION GAMMA RAY DETECTOR SYSTEMS FOR THE ASSAY OF RADIONUCLIDES CALIBRATION AND R
23、OUTINE TESTS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardi
24、zation in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation i
25、s entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the
26、 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects
27、since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical cont
28、ent of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possib
29、le in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipme
30、nt declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC
31、National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attenti
32、on is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC
33、shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61453 has been prepared by IEC International Committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1997. It constitutes a technical revisio
34、n and an expansion of detector types considered. The major change in comparison with the previous edition of IEC 61453 is an expansion of detector types considered. Along with sodium iodide detector systems, this new edition standardizes scintillation detector systems based on other inorganic scinti
35、llators for photon measurements. Furthermore, Clause 2 has been updated. The revision of the standard is intended to accomplish the following: to extend detector systems base from sodium iodide to inorganic scintillators for photon measurements; to review the existing requirements and to update the
36、terminology, definitions and normative references. 4 61453 IEC:2007 The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 45/645/FDIS 45/646/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above
37、 table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the
38、specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed; withdrawn; replaced by a revised edition, or amended. 61453 IEC:2007 5 NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION SCINTILLATION GAMMA RAY DETECTOR SYSTEMS FOR THE ASSAY OF RADIONUCLIDES CALIBRATION AND ROUTINE TESTS 1 Scope This International Sta
39、ndard specifies methods of calibration and routine tests of scintillation detector systems for the measurement of gamma-ray energies and emission rates of radionuclides and the assay of radioactivity. This International Standard is applicable to scintillation detector systems based on inorganic scin
40、tillators for photon measurements. Typical applications include radionuclide identification and assay in various industrial, environmental, and medical applications. The detector system consists of three major components: a scintillating material that produces photons of light when ionizing radiatio
41、n interacts with it; one or more photomultipliers or photodiodes, optically coupled to the scintillator, which convert the light photons to an amplified electrical pulse or pulses; and associated electronic instrumentation which powers the photomultiplier and processes the output signal. Both energy
42、 calibration and efficiency calibration are covered. The following three techniques are considered: a) total spectrum counting (see 3.1) which employs a system that counts all pulses above a low-energy threshold (see 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3); b) single-channel analyzer (SCA) counting (see 3.2) which employ
43、s a system with a counting channel established through upper and lower energy boundaries (see 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3); c) multichannel analyzer counting (see 3.3) which employs a system in which multiple counting windows are utilized. This technique allows measurements for which the continuum under the t
44、otal absorption peak may be subtracted without introducing unacceptable error. In case of overlapping peaks in the spectrum, a multichannel analyzer (MCA) with access to a peak deconvolution program is necessary. This case is not covered by this standard. 2 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviati
45、ons 2.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1.1 accuracy of measurement closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and the conventionally true value of the measurand NOTE 1 “Accuracy“ is a qualitative concept. NOTE
46、 2 The term precision should not be used for “accuracy“. IEV 394-40-35 6 61453 IEC:2007 2.1.2 activity A quantitative indication of the radioactivity of an amount of radionuclide in a particular energy state at a given time. Activity is determined as the quotient of dN by dt, where dN is the expecta
47、tion value of the number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from that energy state in the time interval dt: t N A d d = The unit of activity is the reciprocal second (s 1 ). The special name of the unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq), 1 Bq being equal to one transition per second. The earlier uni
48、t of activity was the curie (Ci), 1 Ci being equal to 3,7 10 10transitions per second IEC 60788:2004, rm-13-18 2.1.3 assay of activity determination of the activity of a radionuclide in a sample 2.1.4 assembly a light protective chamber containing a housed scintillator, photomultiplier, photomultipl
49、ier voltage divider NOTE Assembly is used for testing of the housed scintillator. IEC 62372:2006, 3.1.4 2.1.5 background level (of a measuring assembly) signals of origin other than the radiation to be detected. NOTE It may refer to: a) signals caused by radiations from sources inside or outside the detector other than those of interest in the measurement; b) signals resulting from the short-comings of the
