1、 IEC 61400-13 Edition 1.0 2015-12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Wind turbines Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads oliennes Partie 13: Mesurage des charges mcaniques IEC 61400-13:2015-12(en-fr) colour inside THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2015 IEC, Geneva, Switze
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19、s avez des questions contactez-nous: csciec.ch. IEC 61400-13 Edition 1.0 2015-12 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Wind turbines Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads oliennes Partie 13: Mesurage des charges mcaniques INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE
20、 INTERNATIONALE ICS 27.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-3087-9 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer
21、 que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. colour inside 2 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 8 INTRODUCTION . 10 1 Scope 11 2 Normative references 11 3 Terms and definitions 11 4 Symbols, units and abbreviations 14 5 General . 16 5.1 Document structure . 16 5.2 Saf
22、ety during testing . 17 6 Test requirements 17 6.1 General . 17 6.2 Test site requirements 17 6.3 Measurement load cases 17 6.3.1 General . 17 6.3.2 MLCs during steady-state operation 18 6.3.3 MLCs during transient events 18 6.3.4 MLCs for dynamic characterization 19 6.3.5 Capture matrices . 20 6.4
23、Quantities to be measured 23 6.4.1 General . 23 6.4.2 Load quantities 23 6.4.3 Meteorological quantities . 25 6.4.4 Wind turbine operation quantities . 25 6.5 Turbine configuration changes 26 7 Instrumentation 27 7.1 Load quantities . 27 7.1.1 Types of sensors . 27 7.1.2 Choice of sensor location 27
24、 7.1.3 Measurement of blade root bending moments 27 7.1.4 Blade bending moment distribution 28 7.1.5 Blade torsion frequency/damping . 28 7.1.6 Measurement of rotor yaw and tilt moment 28 7.1.7 Measurement of the rotor torque 28 7.1.8 Measurement of tower base bending . 28 7.1.9 Tower top bending mo
25、ments 28 7.1.10 Tower mid bending moments . 29 7.1.11 Tower torque . 29 7.1.12 Tower top acceleration 29 7.1.13 Pitch actuation loads (on hub side of pitch bearing) . 29 7.2 Meteorological quantities 29 7.2.1 Measurement and installation requirements . 29 7.2.2 Icing potential 29 7.2.3 Atmospheric s
26、tability 29 7.3 Wind turbine operation quantities 30 7.3.1 Electrical power . 30 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 3 7.3.2 Rotor speed or generator speed 30 7.3.3 Yaw misalignment 30 7.3.4 Rotor azimuth angle. 30 7.3.5 Pitch position . 30 7.3.6 Pitch speed . 30 7.3.7 Brake moment . 30 7.3.8 Wind turbine st
27、atus 30 7.3.9 Brake status 30 7.4 Data acquisition system 31 7.4.1 General . 31 7.4.2 Resolution . 31 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing. 31 8 Determination of calibration factors . 31 8.1 General . 31 8.2 Calibration of load channels 32 8.2.1 General . 32 8.2.2 Blade bending moments 33 8.2.3 Main shaft moments 33
28、 8.2.4 Tower bending moments 34 8.2.5 Tower torque . 34 8.3 Calibration of non-load channels . 35 8.3.1 Pitch angle 35 8.3.2 Rotor azimuth angle. 35 8.3.3 Yaw angle 35 8.3.4 Wind direction 35 8.3.5 Pitch actuation loads . 35 8.3.6 Brake moment . 36 9 Data verification 36 9.1 General . 36 9.2 Verific
29、ation checks 36 9.2.1 General . 36 9.2.2 Blade moments 37 9.2.3 Main shaft 38 9.2.4 Tower 38 10 Processing of measured data 39 10.1 General . 39 10.2 Fundamental load quantities . 39 10.3 Load quantities for larger turbines . 39 10.4 Wind speed trend detection . 39 10.5 Statistics . 40 10.6 Rainflow
30、 counting . 40 10.7 Cumulative rainflow spectrum . 40 10.8 Damage equivalent load 40 10.9 Wind speed binning 41 10.10 Power spectral density 42 11 Uncertainty estimation . 42 12 Reporting. 42 Annex A (informative) Example co-ordinate systems 46 4 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 A.1 General . 46 A.2 Blade
31、 co-ordinate system 46 A.3 Hub co-ordinate system 46 A.4 Nacelle co-ordinate system . 47 A.5 Tower co-ordinate system . 48 A.6 Yaw misalignment . 49 A.7 Cone angle and tilt angle 49 A.8 Rotor azimuth angle 50 A.9 Blade pitch angle 50 Annex B (informative) Procedure for the evaluation of uncertaintie
32、s in load measurements on wind turbines 51 B.1 List of symbols 51 B.2 General procedure 52 B.2.1 Standard uncertainty . 52 B.2.2 Analytical combination of standard uncertainties 53 B.2.3 Total uncertainty 54 B.3 Uncertainties of binned averaged values . 55 B.3.1 General . 55 B.3.2 Uncertainty of cal
33、ibration and signal 55 B.3.3 Uncertainty of the bin scatter . 55 B.3.4 Uncertainty of the x-axis quantity . 55 B.3.5 Uncertainty of bin averaged mean values 55 B.4 Standard uncertainty of DEL and load spectra 56 B.5 Examples of an uncertainty evaluation 56 B.5.1 Example for analytical shunt calibrat
34、ion of tower torque . 56 B.6 Determination and use of calibration matrix 63 B.6.1 Determination of the calibration matrix . 63 B.6.2 Use of the calibration matrix 64 B.6.3 Time series 65 Annex C (informative) Sample presentation of mechanical load measurements and analysis 67 C.1 General . 67 Annex
35、D (informative) Recommendations for offshore measurements . 79 Annex E (informative) Load model validation . 81 E.1 General . 81 E.2 Methods for loads comparison 82 E.2.1 Statistical binning 82 E.2.2 Spectral functions 83 E.2.3 Fatigue spectra 84 E.2.4 Point by point 84 Annex F (informative) Methods
36、 for identification of wind speed trends . 86 F.1 List of symbols 86 F.2 General . 86 F.3 Trend identification methods . 87 F.4 Ongoing procedure . 91 Annex G (informative) Data acquisition considerations . 92 G.1 Data acquisition system 92 G.1.1 General . 92 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 5 G.1.2 Resol
37、ution . 92 G.1.3 Sampling model and filtering 93 G.1.4 Other considerations . 95 Annex H (informative) Load calibration 96 H.1 General . 96 H.2 Gravity load calibration of the blade bending . 96 H.3 Analytical calibration of the tower bending moments . 97 H.4 External load calibration of the rotor t
38、orque . 98 Annex I (informative) Temperature drift 99 I.1 General . 99 I.2 Known issues 99 I.3 Recommendations 100 Annex J (informative) Mechanical load measurements on vertical axis wind turbines . 101 J.1 General . 101 J.2 Terms and definitions 101 J.3 Coordinate systems 101 J.4 Quantities to be m
39、easured 102 J.4.1 Fundamental loads 102 J.5 Measurements 103 J.5.1 Measurement of blade attachment bending moments . 103 J.5.2 Blade mid-span bending moment . 103 J.5.3 Blade modal frequency/damping 103 J.5.4 Connecting strut bending moment 103 J.5.5 Connecting strut axial force . 104 J.5.6 Connecti
40、ng strut modal frequency/damping . 104 J.5.7 Rotor shaft torque 104 J.5.8 Tower normal bending . 104 Bibliography 105 Figure 1 Fundamental wind turbine loads: tower base, rotor and blade loads 24 Figure A.1 Blade co-ordinate system 46 Figure A.2 Hub co-ordinate system 47 Figure A.3 Nacelle co-ordina
41、te system . 48 Figure A.4 Tower co-ordinate system . 48 Figure A.5 Yaw misalignment . 49 Figure A.6 Cone angle and tilt angle 49 Figure B.1 Explanation of used symbols . 61 Figure C.1 Hub-height wind speed as a function of time . 67 Figure C.2 Hub-height turbulence intensity as a function of hub-hei
42、ght wind speed 68 Figure C.3 Turbulence intensity trending as a function of hub-height wind speed . 68 Figure C.4 Global capture matrix with all loads channels operating 69 Figure C.5 IEC example turbine at 9,1 m/s Wind turbine operational and meteorological quantities 70 Figure C.6 IEC example turb
43、ine at 9,1 m/s Major load components . 71 Figure C.7 10-minute statistics for blade 1 root edge bending 72 Figure C.8 Power spectral density of blade 1 root edge bending 73 6 IEC 61400-13:2015 IEC 2015 Figure C.9 Cumulative rainflow spectrum for blade 1 root edge bending during test period . 75 Figu
44、re C.10 IEC example turbine normal shutdown at 9,5 m/s Wind turbine operational and meteorological quantities . 77 Figure C.11 IEC example turbine normal shutdown at 9,5 m/s Major load components 78 Figure D.1 Example of wave spectrum and monopile response 79 Figure D.2 Example of wave spectrum . 80
45、 Figure E.1 Measured data 82 Figure E.2 Simulated data 82 Figure E.3 Comparison of wind speed binned averaged 10 min. statistics 82 Figure E.4 Comparison of 1 Hz equivalent loads . 83 Figure E.5 Comparison of 1 Hz equivalent loads (wind speed binned) . 83 Figure E.6 Comparison of PSD functions . 83
46、Figure E.7 Comparison of fatigue spectra 84 Figure E.8 Point by point comparison of wind speed time histories . 85 Figure E.9 Point by point comparison of load time histories 85 Figure F.1 Comparison of measured wind speed (v meas ), smoothing-filtered wind speed (v filt ) and resulting trend-free w
47、ind speed (v HP ) . 87 Figure F.2 Differences of turbulence intensities calculated with un-filtered and filtered wind speed versus mean measured wind speed 89 Figure F.3 Ratio of turbulence intensities calculated with un-filtered and filtered wind speed versus mean measured wind speed 90 Figure G.1
48、Anti-aliasing check . 93 Figure I.1 Observed scatter in the original 10-min average values of the blade edge moment together with the same signal after temperature compensation in dark blue . 99 Figure I.2 Linear regression through the offsets derived from the different calibration runs 100 Figure J
49、.1 Darrieus style VAWT . 102 Figure J.2 Helical Darrieus style VAWT 102 Table 1 MLCs during steady-state operation related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1 . 18 Table 2 Measurement of transient load cases related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1 . 19 Table 3 MLCs for dynamic characterization 19 Table 4 Capture matrix for normal power production for stall controlled wind
