1、1第三讲理清“文架构” ，具备读快之“情思”“理解文章的基本结构”是高考大纲对英语阅读能力的一项基本要求。文章的逻辑结构是文章重要的内在特征，了解篇章段落的逻辑结构对提高阅读理解的准度和速度有着不可估量的作用。因此，在平时的阅读理解训练中要强化领悟段落、篇章结构及行文逻辑内在规律，长此以往，内化于心，潜移默化形成读文的内在“情思” ，这个“情思”就是指与文章情感思路一致的、默契的思维流动。具备了这种“情思” ，快读、精读文章就达到了一种至高境界。一、知段落的构成抓主题句(一)段落的构成英语文章段落结构一般由三部分构成：主题句(topic sentence), 扩展句(development s
2、entence)和结论句(closing sentence/concluding sentence)。主题句点出段落的主题，扩展句解释说明或论证主题，结论句总结、归纳或概括主题。1主题句主题句，就是段落的核心句、纲领句、主旨句、中心思想句，言简意赅，主旨鲜明。它是段落的灵魂，表达段落的主题，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位，其他句子都要围绕它而展开。英语文章一般喜欢开宗明义，所以主题句一般位于文章段首，但有时也在段中或段尾。2扩展句扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证作用的句子。扩展句一般长度适中，有一定的条理和逻辑。扩展句的展开方法多种多样，通常采用的方法有举例说明、描述、定义、比较对照、因果分析
3、、分类等。3结论句结论句就是总结句，会重述或总结段落的中心论点，与主题句相呼应。需要指出的是，英文段落中结论句并不多见，我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%70%都是由“主题句扩展句”构成。例 Why fiction is superior to textbooks lies in their imagination (主题句：以自问自答的方式提出段落主题). Authors of the fictions always create attractive characters so as to give his opinion about nature and the society as
4、 well as life (扩展句 1). It not only provides knowledge, but also teaches us what is the right attitude toward life (扩展句 2). For instance, we can learn from Gone with the Wind how to be a strongwilled person; from Jack London, how to love life (扩展句 3：基于上述观点，进一步举例说明). We can be stimulated to overcome a
5、ll obstacles to realize our ambitions (扩展句 4). So, fictions enable people to form their positive view of life, the spirit of optimism and 2invincible courage, and provide us with an opportunity to learn and to practice, while textbooks barely can (结论句：归纳总结段落主题)(二)段落主题句的位置在进行阅读理解时，我们要善于找出段落的主题句，这样才能抓
6、住文章段落的中心思想(controlling idea)。主题句在段落中的位置并不是一成不变的，而是根据作者组织段落的方法或强调的重点而定。大多数情况下，主题句在段首，有时会在段中或段尾。无论主题句的位置在哪儿，主题句都包含一个逻辑性强且层次分明的中心思想。1主题句在段首这是主题句在段落结构中最常见的位置。这种安排开门见山，点出主题，读者可以迅速了解文章主旨。例 Although smoking has been a popular habit for centuries, it has always had its enemies (主题句). Some American Indians a
7、dvised young braves not to smoke too much because tobacco would cut their wind (削弱力量) in a hunt or a battle. King James of England called smoking “a branch of the sin of drunkenness, which is the root of all sins”. Ben Johnson, the playwright, said smoking was “good for nothing but to choke a man an
8、d fill him full of smoke and embers”. Popular slang called cigarettes “coffin nails” long before the medical evidence on the hard from smoking was complete. Now every package of cigarettes and every advertisement for cigarettes must carry a warning from the Surgeon General (卫生局局长) that smoking is ha
9、zardous to health.2主题句在段中主题句出现在段中时，位于主题句之前的部分通常起到承上启下的作用，而主题句后面的部分则围绕主题句展开讨论或阐述。此类主题句并不一定在段落正中位置，可能靠近段首，也可能与段中的结论句相邻。例 My parents have gone out for the evening. Just as I settle down to read or watch TV, my little brother demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the bac
10、kground or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. Babysitting my brother is no fun (主题句 ). He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall a
11、sleep.3主题句在段尾主题句位于段落的结尾，是对段落主旨进行概括和总结。主题句位于段尾的好处是会给读者留下深刻印象。3例 Some people dream of starring roles, their names in lights, and their pictures on the cover of magazines. Some would even go out of their way to get their name. However, I am not one of these people. A famous person gives up private life
12、, feels pressured all the time, and is never completely safe. So, let someone else have that cover story, take the starring roles and have a big name. Id rather lead an ordinary, but calm life rather than a stressfilled public one (主题句)二、明段落的展开理句间关系在段落中，一般会有两个甚至多个扩展句对中心思想进行论证、解释，这也就是段落的展开。段落的展开模式多种多
13、样。这里我们着重介绍 9 种段落展开模式。(一)列举型列举法是比较常见的段落展开法。按此类方法展开的段落中，作者会先点明主题，提出论点，然后列举一系列的论据进行陈述或解释。列举的内容可以是一系列的事物、事件、理由或者一个问题的不同方面。列举的顺序可以是时间的先后、地理位置的远近或者内容的相对重要性等。例 The sentences in most well written paragraphs may be analyzed into three general functions. First, there are paragraph introducers, which are sente
14、nces that establish the topic focus of the paragraph as a whole (列举 1). Second, there are paragraph developers, which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers (列举 2). Third, there are paragraph terminators, which logically conclude th
15、e ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner (列举 3).Not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis; however, most successful paragraphs usually contain the same combination of these three sentence types.(二)举例型举例法是用具体的事例来说明段落主题，也是一种常见的段落展开方法。此类段落中，作者往往开门见山，点出主题，然
16、后列举具体事例(一个主要例子或多个相关例子)进行说明。所举事例一般较具体，可以是日常事件、现象、个人经历、名人轶事等等。例 The ability to write wellorganized, concise (精确的) paragraphs is essential (必要的) to a students success in almost all university courses. In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiments, a student must present his or her findings
17、in logical order and clear language in order to receive a favorable evaluation (评价) of his or her work (举例 1). In writing successful 4answers to essay questions on history or anthropology (人类学) examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of
18、 paragraph structure (举例 2). And certainly in writing a book report for English, or a critique (评论) for political studies, or a term paper for sociology, a student must pay attention to the style and organization as well as the content (举例 3). Clearly, skill in expository writing (说明文) is crucial to
19、 successful achievements in most university subjects.(三)描述型段落也可以用描述的方法来展开。常见的描述法有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序和过程顺序。这三种模式使段落的层次体现了一定的次序关系。用这种模式展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交代事物的本末，读者可以容易地理解段落的主旨。1时间顺序这种方法主要是以事情发生的时间顺序或先后次序来展开段落，常出现在描述历史、时事、人物或事件的发展过程的文章中。描述顺序有“顺序” 、 “倒序”和“插序” 。例 Bill Gates stepped down as chief executive officer o
20、f Microsoft in January, 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June, 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from fulltime work at Microsoft to parttime work, and fulltime work at the Bill it is like a catharsis (情感净化) of emotion (因果分析法)三、
21、析段落的排列理层次明主旨(一)记叙文中的“具体事例型段落” 抓住此事例围绕的观点这种类型的段落整段都在讲具体事例。往往这个事例本身并不重要，而作者是为了证明自己的某个观点才讲了这样一个事例。因此，考生要站在宏观的角度把握这个事例证明了什么观点，或者说明了哪一方面。它的特点就是会有特别具体的描述词，比如某个人名，多次被提到，而且用到的动词也都是一些表示具体动作的动词，而不是观点动词。例 (2018全国卷阅读 C 节选)1While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in
22、China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.2Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49yearold Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize which is o
23、ften referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.分析 选文中第二段属于“具体事例型段落” 。本段中使用了 won, is referred to, 10is 等一系列客观具体的动词和短语，以王澍为具体事例，介绍了王澍获得 2012 年普利兹克建筑奖，得到了国际上的认可。目的是为了证明本段的主旨：Their efforts have been proven fruitful。(二)说明文中的“对比型段落” 分清
24、层次最重要这种段落最常见的就是按时间分类说明或按某一特性分类说明。针对这种段落，要特别留意段落中的过渡词，比如，above all, in addition, finally 等等。例 (2018全国卷阅读 C 节选)1Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small
25、, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.2Soon afterwards, many of those people started settli
26、ng down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,
27、all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.分析 从节选的这两段可以看出，这篇说明文按时间顺序讲述了随着人类社会的发展，很多语言逐渐消失。其中体现时间顺序的词语有：When the world was still populated by huntergatherers；10,000 years ago；Soon afterwards; In recent centurie
28、s; in the past few decades 等，由这些时间标志词可以看出随着时间的推移，语言的数量在逐渐减少，从而印证了文章的主题句：Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going。(三)议论文中的“总分型段落”或“分总型段落” 一定要找到并读懂主旨句“总分型段落”排列在一开始就给出了作者的观点或者要说明的主要内容。后面的大部分都在论证这个观点或者进行细节上的说明。针对这种类型
29、的语篇，考生应该做到细读主旨段落，略读细节段落，以读懂主旨为要务。考生会发现文后的题目大都围绕主旨而命11题，而偏离主旨的大都是干扰项，而不是正确答案。“分总型段落”排列在开始和中间都是一些细节型的内容，有时是平行的细节，有时是层层递进，但一直到语篇的最后一段才点出最重要的观点或结论。显然读这种语篇的落脚点应该在结尾处。跟总分型的语篇相比，分总型的语篇有时更耗时间去发现主旨，因此考生们平时做题的时候要多去体会，争取在最短的时间找到主旨。例 (2018全国卷阅读 C)1Teens_and_younger_children_are_reading_a_lot_less_for_fun,_accor
30、ding_to_a_Common_Sense_Media_report_published_Monday.2While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.3According to the reports key fin
31、dings, “the proportion (比例) who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13yearolds and 9 percent of 17yearolds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”4The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 28, remain largely the same. But
32、 the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.5When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel (建议 ) parents looking for data about the effect of ereaders and tablets on reading. It does
33、point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.6The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens
34、who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.7As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom (逼近) ahead, parents might take thi
35、s chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.行文脉络第一层(第 1 段)开篇点题，交代了常识媒体的报告内容儿童阅读习惯 总12第二层(第 2 段)点明儿童阅读的总体状况第三层(第 34 段)用数据论证儿童快乐阅读的情况第四层(第 56 段)论述家长在儿童阅读中的干预与示范作用第五层(第 7 段)建议家长利用暑期引领儿童阅读分(四)议论文中的“总分总型段落” 关键是弄清楚文章的论点及结论这种类型的段落排列是议论文常用的结构
36、方式， “总分总”的结构是先抛出文章的中心思想，再分层叙述，逐层深入，最后对文章加以总结。即开头提出论点(开门见山)；中间若干分论点；结尾总括论点(或重申论点，或总结引申论点)，而几个分论点之间可以是并列关系、层递关系、对比关系等，但不能是包含关系或交叉关系。例 (2018全国卷阅读 D)1Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The
37、good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.2I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little gi
38、rl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)3For weeks, Ive been thinking of bigger, deeper
39、 questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expect
40、ed that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely 13enough for him. Before
41、 I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.4We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.行文脉络第 1 段 在文章首段提出论点：how to live more with less 总第 2 段方法一
42、：encourage young children to donate lessused things第 3 段 方法二：make it a habit for them；train ourselves分第 4 段 结论：find joy in a single object 总(五)议论文中的“转折型段落” 重点是看懂转折后的观点转折型的段落内容一分为二，前半部分是一种观点，而后面的转折之后才是作者想要强调的关键。无论前面你觉得怎样正确，都要记得转折后才是关键。因此阅读这种段落时，把更多的注意力要放在转折后的内容上。这种段落往往有很明显的转折标志词，如 but, yet, however,
43、instead 等等。因此还是比较好识别的。根据对历年真题的分析，我们发现正确答案往往出现在转折后。因此希望大家重视这样的转折标志词，有详略的来阅读这样的段落。例 (2018北京高考阅读 D 节选)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. Th
44、e California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be not
45、ed, isnt leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for bette
46、r or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.行文脉络14句叙述了无人驾驶机器人汽车将成为现实。句转折词 But 是整段甚至是全文的关键，表明了作者的观点：无人驾驶汽车是将会更好还是更坏地改变我们的交通系统、改变我们的城市，这将取决于政策制定者如何规划、管理这项科技。四、抓读文的关键命题的 8 大常考处阅读理解的命题点有一定规律可寻，掌握命题规律，能帮助考生明确阅读时应该重点关注的内容，抓阅读的“敏感点” ，提高阅读的针对性，快速、准确锁定信息区间，为准确解题圈定信息源。1段首、段尾处常考无论是议论文还是说明文
47、，一篇文章往往分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每个段落一般都是一个部分或者一个层次。英美作者写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的主旨句，也是出题的重点区域。2转折处常考文章的转折处也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，作者经常会通过先抑后扬的方法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能作上标记以方便做题时查找。一些明显的转折词包括 but, however, on the contrary, yet(句首), still (句首), as a matter
48、 of fact, in fact 等。3对比、比较处常考 另外，作者也经常把两个事物、两件事实或两种观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的一些标志性词语有 unlike, by contrast, in comparison, be compared with 等。命题者常对对比的双方属性进行考查。比如文章中说“甲具有 X 属性，但乙与甲不同，那乙有何属性？”答：非 X 属性。此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其他考点中。4因果处常考 因果逻辑关系也很受高考英语命题者的青睐，因为因果关系阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查
49、考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, for, since, due to, thanks to, as a result of, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result, result from, result in, cause, lead to, attribute .to 等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行推理和判断。5举例说明处常考15一般的议论文和说明文都需要一些例子来支持作者的论证和说明，这些例子往往与作者的论述和说明有很大的关联，考纲中明确提出考生需要掌握区分论点与论据的能力，因此这也成了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有
