1、1专题 19 去伪存真 短文改错题型一 、词法类错误 【题型特点】一、动词时态和语态误用1查时态是否一致 动词时态的分析主要从两个角度入手：动作与时间。在解题过程中，要着重分析动作是“正在进行、完成或经常性” ，时间是“现在、过去或将来” ，由此确定时态。短文改错的首句或相关句也往往起提示作用，且特别注意一些不规则动词的形式：burn(burnt)，learn(learnt/learned)，build( built)，pay(paid)，feel(felt)，catch(caught)，hold( held)，shoot(shot)，eat( ate)，ride (rode)，ring(ra
2、ng)，sing(sang)，sink( sank)等。2查语态是否正确 动词的语态主要分析句子主语与谓语动词之间的关系，且特别注意有关语态的一些特殊现象，如 be worth doing(无被动形式)，不定式主动形式表被动含义，need/want/require doing(to be done)。二、非谓语动词形式误用1辨别谓语与非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词，若再出现动词，又没有连词，就应注意考虑非谓语动词形式。再根据其在句中所作成分以及逻辑关系，来判断其形式是否正确。 2作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，要改为动名词形式。牢记只能接动名词作宾语的动词。 3掌握介宾标志。介词后面一般需要跟名词或
3、动名词，高考短文改错对介词的判定以及动名词的使用问题则是“常客” 。以下短语中 to 为介词：be/get/become used to(习惯于)，be addicted to，devote.to.，be engaged to，pay attention to，look forward to，stick to，when it comes to.等。4注意动词不定式符号 to 的多余或缺失。牢记动词不定式的基本用法和习惯搭配，分清不定式与其他非谓语动词形式的区别。 5分清现在分词与过去分词的区别。根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系来确定用现在分词还是过去分词。三、形容词和副词误用1.明确形容词、
4、副词的句法功能 形容词用来修饰名词，或者放在系动词后面构成系表结构或者用在宾语后作宾语补足语；副词用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子作状语。 22.掌握形容词、副词的级 表示同级比较时，用 as.as 原级形式；表示两者之间的比较(标志词 than)用比较级；表示三者或以上的比较用最高级。需要特别注意必须避免比较级的重复使用问题。例如：She is more taller than I本句中 taller 本身即是比较级形式，故应该删去 more 或者改为 much。3牢记同源副词的用法 在同源副词中，一种副词与其形容词同形，另一种副词是在形容词后加-ly。和形容词同形的副词往往表示具体含义
5、，加-ly 的副词多表示抽象意义，有时候甚至完全不同。例如：close“接近地” ；closely“紧密地；亲近地；严密地” 。四、名词和冠词误用1区别可数名词与不可数名词 根据名词的修饰词以及谓语动词的形式来判定名词是否可数。同时要特别关注“抽象名词具体化”这一词法 现象。surprise 惊讶 a surprise 一件(个)令人惊讶的事(消息等) success 成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人/事 danger 危险 a danger 一个(件)危险的人物/事 failure 失败 a failure 一件(个)失败的事/人 honor 荣誉 an honor 一个(件)引
6、以为荣的人(事) disappointment 失望 a disappointment 一件(个)失望的事(人) 2.冠词的运用(1)以辅音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词 a；以元音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词 an。(2)常用固定搭配必须牢记。例如：all of a sudden， in a hurry，pay a visit to，by the way，in a word，to tell the truth，by accident，as a result，in a way，on the whole，at present，in peace，in advance，by accident，on p
7、urpose，by chance，ahead of time 等。五、介词误用“三看”选介词1看介词的意义是否通顺 3多注意介词用法的积累，如表示“具体某一天、某一天的上下午或晚上”用介词 on；表示“几点钟”用介词 at；表示 “月份或者年”用介词 in。 2看介词的搭配是否符合习惯 常考介词搭配，如 at night，be good at，do well in，devote.to.，set out for，leave for，insist on，search for，be famous for，at the age of，shoot at，with the help of，focus on
8、es attention on，be buried in，get married to 等。3看相似介词的区别是否清晰 例如：between 表示“在两者之间” ，among 表示“在三者或三者以上之间” ；besides 表示“除了之外还有” ，except 表示“除之外” 。词法错误“三要” 1对重要词类的功能用法要做到熟练掌握。高考短文改错在词法类角度主要涉及名词(单复数、可数与不可数)，动词(时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词)，形容词和副词(词类误用、原级、比较级和最高级)，介词和冠词搭配等内容。考生对以上词类的用法、相关语法内容要做到心中有数。2要特别关注改正词的拼写。在改正过程中尤
9、其注意改正词的拼写和选择，如形容词、副词的比较级和最高级形式是否需要双写最后一个字母，是用不定冠词 a 还是 an，某个名词的复数形式是加s 还是es，某个形容词改为副词时，是去掉最后一个字母再加ly 还是直接加ly 等。3对出题点要做到心中有数。解决词法类错误的关键在于熟练掌握相关词类的易考点。考生要熟知短文改错的出题点，对实虚词的考查角度了如指掌。如动词的时态与语态、非谓语动词、形容词与副词的误用、介词搭配等问题几乎是每年高考的“必备餐” ，考生只有熟悉这些出题点，在解答短文改错的过程中牢牢抓住这条“思维线” ，问题就会迎刃而解。例 1、(2018全国)During my last win
10、ter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals.Last winter when I went here again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.They also
11、had a small pond which they raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned 4to return for every two years，but he agreed.答案：During my last winter holiday，I went to coun
12、tryside with my father to visit my thegrandparents.I a big change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a findfoundsmall house with dogs，ducks，and animals.Last winter when I went again，they anotherother heretherehad a big separate house to raise dozens of .They also had a small pond
13、chickenchickens in which或 wherethey raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish.I sellsellingfelt that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I happilyhappyplanned to return for every two years， he agreed.butand文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的爷爷奶
14、奶生活的巨大变化。4. 解析：herethere 词法错误。去乡下看望爷爷奶奶，应该是“远指”而非“近指” ，故用there。5. 解析：chickenchickens 词法错误。dozens of 许多，修饰可数名词复数。6. 解析：whichwhere/在 which 前面加 in 句法错误。pond 是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用 where 或“介词which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词 in。7. 解析：sellselling 词法错误。by 是介词，后接动词时要用其动名词形式。8. 解析：happilyhappy 词法错误。feel 此处是连系动
15、词，后接形容词作表语。9. 解析：去掉 for 词法错误。every two years 是时间状语，可独立使用，不需要介词。解析：butand 行文逻辑错误。 “每两年回乡下的爷爷奶奶家一次”与“他同意”是顺承关系，10 故用并列连词 and。【变式探究】 (2017全国)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had le
16、arned the 5instructors orders，so once I started the car，my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the word， “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes late，the instru
17、ctor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.答案：In the summer holiday following my birthday，I took driving lessons.I still eighteeneighteenthremember how hard first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the/mythe ins
18、tructors orders， once I started the car，my mind blank.I forgot what he sobut/yet goes wenthad said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the ， “Speed up！” “Slow wordwordsdown！” “ left！ ” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction TurningTurnwas left.A few minutes ，the in
19、structor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I latelatercame to a stop just in the middle the road.suddenlysudden on of4. 解析：goes 改为 went。考查时态。本文讲述作者 18 岁生日后的那个暑假发生的事情，且通篇以过去时为主。此处应用一般过去时，故把 goes 改为 went。5. 解析：word 改为 words。考查名词的数。根据下文可知，教练发出了很多指令，故用 word 的复数形式 words。6. 解析：Turning 改为 Turn。考
20、查谓语动词。此处为祈使句，并和上文中的“Speed up”和“Slow down”并列，故改为动词原形 Turn。7. 解析：删除 so 后的 much。考查固定句型。此处含有“so.that.”引导的结果状语从句，句中的 much 多余，故删除。8. 解析：late 改为 later。考查副词。late 意为“迟，晚” 。 “一段时间later”表示“一段时间6之后” ，故把 late 改为 later。9. 解析：suddenly 改为 sudden。考查形容词。该句中的名词 stop 应用形容词修饰，所以把suddenly 改为 sudden。10. 解析：on 改为 of。考查固定搭配
21、。in the middle of 意为“在的中间” ，故把 on 改为of。【变式探究】(2016全国) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even had to wait outside.My uncle tells me that the key to his
22、success is honest.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time.Instead，he hopes that our business will grow steady.答案：My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.Though n
23、ot very big，but the thatwhererestaurant is popular in our area.It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even to wait outside.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is hadhave.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables high quality oil are for honesthonesty or and using
24、 usedcooking.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in short period of of the atime.Instead，he hopes that business will grow .ourhis steady steadily4. 解析：honesthonesty。考查名词。根据语境“我叔叔告诉我他成功的关键在于诚实”可知，此处该用名词形式作表语。5. 解析：orand。考查并列连词。根据语境可知，此处不是表示选择关系，而是表示“新鲜的蔬7菜和优质的油” ，故把 or 改为 and。6. 解析：using
25、used。考查被动语态。fresh vegetables 和 high quality oil 与 use 之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态。7. 解析：becoming 前加 of。考查介词。dream of doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“梦想做某事” 。8. 解析：thea。考查冠词。此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词 a，in a short period of time 意为“短期内” 。9. 解析：ourhis。考查代词。由语境及主语 he 可知，此处指的是叔叔的生意，故将 our 改为 his才合乎语境。10. 解析：steadysteadily。考查副词。修饰动词 grow 该用副
26、词，所以应用 steady 的副词形式steadily。【举一反三】(2016浙江卷)When I was a very young children，my father created a regular practice I remember well years late.Every time he arrived home at end of the day，wed greet her at the door.He would ask who we was and pretend not to knowing us.Then he and my mother would have ha
27、d a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.While they chat，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.It was both excited and frightening to be up there！My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there.答案：When I was a very
28、young ，my father created a regular practice I remember well childrenchildyears .Every time he arrived home at end of the day，wed greet at the door.He latelater the her himwould ask who we and pretend not to us.Then he and my mother would have had a waswere knowing knowdrink while she prepared dinner
29、 and they would talk about his day and hers.While they ，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit the top of the fridge.It was chatchatted in onboth and frightening to be up there! My sister and I thought he was so cool for excitedexcitingputting us there.84. 解析：her 改为 him。考查代词。根据上文的 he 可知，此处应
30、改为 him。5. 解析：was 改为 were。考查主谓一致。根据 we 可知，谓语动词应该用复数形式，故改为 were。6. 解析：knowin g 改为 know。考查动词。pretend (not) to do sth.“假装(不)做某事” ，此处是不定式，后面需要用动词原形，故改为 know。7. 解析：去掉 had。考查动词。根据语境和下文的“would talk”可知，此处应该用 would do 结构。8. 解析：chat 改为 chatted。考查时态。根据全文的整体时态可知，应用一般过去时，故改为chatted。9. 解析：in 改为 on。考查介词。on the top
31、of 是固定词组，表示“在上面” 。10. 解析：excited 改为 exciting。考查形容词。根据语境和主语 It 可知，此处表示“令人激动的”，故用ing 形式的形容词。题型二、句法类错误【题型特点】一、主谓一致误用1判定主语和谓语是解题的关键 要解决主谓一致问题，判定主语是先决条件。either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.but also，or 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致；倒装句和 there be 句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致；定语从句中，关系代词作主语，谓语动词与它所指代的先行词保持一致；强调句中
32、，连接代词在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。2掌握主谓一致的常考点 主语与谓语动词之间插入 along with，with ，as well as，together with，except，but，including 时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。二、定语从句和名词性从句误用91确定从句类型、搞清句子结构是关键 定语从句中关系代词(副词)的选择和名词
33、性从句中引导词的选择取决于句子缺少何种成分和意义是否完整。此时需要从分析句子结构入手，同时掌握关系代词(副词)和引导词在句中的句法功能。which 可引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的内容；where 在定语从句中充当(抽象)地点状语；what 在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语等。2重点关注定语从句与名词性从句中的易考点 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句； that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，没有含义，只能在宾语从句中省略； 名词性从句中，if 只能引导宾语从句，但 whether 可引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句； that 在同位语从句中不充当成分，没有含义，一般不能省略，但在定语从
34、句中可充当主语和宾语，且充当宾语时可省略。 what 是连接代词，引导名词性从句并在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。三、强调句型、虚拟语气和特殊句式误用1掌握强调句型的基本结构及其用法 强调句型的基本结构为“Its.that/who” 判定标准在于去掉基本结构后，剩余部分仍然逻辑完整，使用 that 可强调人或物，who 只能用于强调人。 2分辨虚拟语气的情境 “句意”是判断是否为虚拟语气的重要 一环，解答这类问题要重点考虑时间、主从句结构两个方面。 3关注特殊句式的易错点 There be 结构的含义及 be 动词的选择、倒装句中助动词的选择和时态的运用、省略句中动词形式的运用以及祈使句中句首为动
35、词原形，后半句往往用将来时等需考生重点关注。句法错误“两不要” 1以“语法分析”为依据，不要“茫无头绪” 。高考短文改错句法类错误主要涉及复合句、主谓一致、特殊句式等内容，具体有： 关系代词/副词和引导词的使用；主谓搭配是否一致；特殊句容中助动词和时态的使用； there be 结构中系动词 be 的选择以及 there be 结构 have/has 的重复使用；强调句式的使用。2以句子为单位，不要“一叶障目” 。在解答句法类错误的时候，切勿过多关注某一个或几个单词，而是应该首先从整体上判断句子所表达的含义，然后摸清所使用的句式结构、语法现象等问题，做到“从整体理解到局部分析” ，如同“一览众
36、山小” 。10例 1、(2018全国)When I was little，Fridays night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not to let me.They would say to us that play
37、ing card games would help my brain.Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.答案：When I was little， night was our family g
38、ame night.After supper，we would play FridaysFridaycard games of all in the sitting room.As kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no sortsorts theamatter how many times I asked to them， my parents would not to let me.They would watchingwatchsay to that playing card games would help my brain.Still I unwil
39、ling to play the usme wasgames them sometimes.I didnt realize how right my parents until I entered high forwith arewereschool.The games my parents taught me I was a child turned out to be very useful later wherewhenin my life.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者小时候父母不愿意让他看动画片，而是鼓励他参与玩纸牌游戏的故事。6. 解析：usme 词法错误。根据行文逻辑
40、可知，此处说的是“我”的事情，所以用对应的宾格代词 me 作介词 to 的宾语。7. 解析：在 I 后面加 was 句法错误。be unwilling to do sth.不愿意做某事。此处说的是过去的事情，主语是 I，所以连系动词用 was。8. 解析：forwith 词法错误。for 为了，表示目的，而此处表示“和某人一起玩某物” ，故用11play sth.with sb.。9. 解析：arewere 句法错误。根据主句的谓语 didnt realize 和 until 引导的时间状语从句的谓语 entered 可知，此处说的是过去的事情，所以 are 应改为 were。解析：where
41、when 句法错误。I was a child 表示的是时间而非地点，故应用 when 引导时间10 状语从句。【变式探究】(2017全国)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the
42、 rooftop of their house.They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!答案：Mr.and Mrs.Zhang work in o
43、ur school.They live far from the school，and it takes allboth/allthem about hour and a half to go to work every day.In their spare time，they are aan/onein planting vegetables in their garden， is on the rooftop of their interestinginterested that whichhouse.They often get up and water the vegetables t
44、ogether.They have also bought for earlierearlysome gardening tools. ，they often get some useful from the Internet.When BesideBesides informations informationsummer ，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!camecomes to3. 解析：interesting 改为 interested。考查形容词。因为是描述主语 they 的心理状态，所以使用 int
45、erested“对感兴趣的” 。4. 解析：that 改为 which。考查关系代词。此处是非限制性定语从句，且关系代词在从句中作主语，指代上文的 garden，所以用 which 来引导该定语从句。125. 解析：earlier 改为 early。考查副词。此处没有比较的含义，所以用 early 的原级。6. 解析：去掉 for。考查介词。buy 为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语，而 buy sth. for sb.意为“为某人买某物” 。7. 解析：Beside 改为 Besides。考查副词。beside 意为“在旁” ，而 besides 意为“此外” 。8. 解析：informations
46、 改为 information。考查名词。information 为不可数名词，无复数形式。9. 解析：came 改为 comes。考查动词时态。因为主句部分为一般将来时态，所以此处的时间状语从句应使用一般现在时表将来意义。10、 解析：在 students 后加 to。考查动词的固定用法。短语 invite sb.to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事” 。【变式探究】(2016全国)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.We can c
47、hose between staying at home and take a trip.If we stay at home，it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.But in that case，we will learn little about world.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.Some classmates suggest we can go to
48、 places of interest nearby.I thought that it is a good idea.It does not cost many，yet we can still learn a lot.答案：The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about to do during howwhatthe holiday.We can between staying at home and a trip.If we stay at home，it chosechoose take taking
49、is comfortable there is no need to spend money.But in that case，we will learn little butandabout world.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden view and gain the your our knowledges knowledgewe cannot get from books.Some classmates suggest we can/ go to places of interest canshouldnearby.I that it is a good idea.It does not cost ，yet we can still learn a thoughtthink many muchlot.134. 解析：but 改为 and。考查连词。前后句之间为并列关系，故将 but 改为 and。5. 解析：在 world 前加 the。考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处表示特指，故
