1、第二部分 专题语法 高效突破,专项 1 名 词,高频考点精讲,考点1 名词的数,一、可数名词 可数名词所表示的人或事物可以用数来计算,有单数、复数两种形式。 1名词复数的变化,2.某国人变复数 Chinese,Japanese,Swiss单复数同形;Englishman,Frenchman中man变为men;其余各国人,如:German,American,Indian等均在后面直接加s。可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 3复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。 如:m
2、an teachermen teachers;boy studentboy students。 4有些名词只用于复数形式 如:trousers,socks,shoes,gloves,glasses等。 5有些名词既是不可数名词,又是可数名词,但意义有所不同 如:work(工作)a work(一部著作) glass(玻璃)a glass(一个玻璃杯) paper(纸)a paper(一份试卷) room(空间)a room(一个房间) 6有些名词虽以s结尾,但他们不是复数 如:physics(物理),news(新闻)。,2不可数名词的计量形式 基数词/不定冠词量词of不可数名词,但数词决定量词的
3、单复数形式。如:a glass of water一杯水;a piece of news 一则新闻;two pairs of glasses两副眼镜;three pieces of advice三条建议。,二、不可数名词 1不可数名词通常没有复数形式,没有词形变化,主要包括物质名词和抽象名词两种。 常用的不可数名词主要如下表:,【注意】不可数名词不能用a或an修饰。,考点2 名词所有格,名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系。 1一般名词的所有格,直接在词尾加s。 如:Mr.Motts boot 莫特先生的靴子;childrens clothes孩子们的衣服。 2以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾加。如
4、:teachers books老师们的书。 3若是两人共有的物体,则在第二个名词后加s;若是两人分别所有,则在每个名词后面分别加s。 如:Lucy and Lilys room露西和莉莉的房间(指两人共住一个房间);Mrs.Greens and Mrs.Browns sons格林夫人和布朗夫人的儿子(指两人各自的儿子)。 4表示某个具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略。如:the doctors(office)医生办公室;Mr.Whites (house)怀特先生的家。,5不规则名词复数的所有格,先将其变成名词复数,然后加s。如:Womens Day 妇女节;Childrens Day 儿童节。
5、 6有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加s来构成所有格。如:todays newspaper今天的报纸。 【拓展】 1of所有格 没有生命的事物一般用of所有格来表示所属关系。如:the wall of the classroom教室的墙;a picture of the bedroom卧室的图片。 2双重所有格 将of结构与s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用,则构成双重所有格。如:a friend of his他的一个朋友;the big nose of Toms汤姆的大鼻子。,考点3 名词词义辨析,1.语境辨析 从菏泽近几年中考的单项填空和完形填空可以看出,名词辨析侧重
6、于对语境辨析的考查,同时减少对单复数和固定搭配的考查。学生在做题时,首先要读懂句意,抓住题干中的关键信息,并分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。如:我们口渴了就需要水(water),饮料(tea,coffee,juice等);饿了就需要食物(bread,rice,meat,noodles等);我们邮寄东西就要去post office等。,2近义词辨析 (1)house,family与home house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。 family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数名词(指整体概念),也可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。 h
7、ome指一个人出生或居住的地方,是抽象意义上的“家”。 (2)job与work job是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”; work是不可数名词,指“工作,劳动,努力,用功”。 (3)problem与question 两个词都表示“问题”。problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,与其搭配的动词是solve;question总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”。,八年真题全练,名词作为菏泽中考的必考点,近几年侧重考查名词词义在语境中的辨析,句子的语境设置贴近学生的实际生活。多以单项填空和完形填空的形
8、式考查名词词义辨析。2018年对名词辨析的考查仍会是重点之一。对名词基础知识的考查主要集中在名词的数、名词的所有格上。名词的数在近几年的中考中有少量涉及,名词所有格在近几年中考中未曾涉及,但仍是重点。,考点 名词词义辨析,12017菏泽,22We believe One Belt,One Road(一带一路)will help China improve the _A_with lots of countries.Arelationship Bsituation Cenvironment 22015菏泽,23I am new here.I often get lost and cant fin
9、d my _B_Aticket Bway Cwallet,32014菏泽,3My teacher gave me much _A_ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.Aadvice Bquestion Csuggestion Dproblem 42013菏泽,2If you want to get more information about English learning,please visit our _D_.Acompany Bstore Coffice Dwebsite 52012菏泽,2What do you
10、 call your fathers sisters?_C_AUncles BCousins CAunts DParents 62011菏泽,21As young adults,it is our_C_ to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher.Awork Bjob Cduty Dtask 72010菏泽,21Please pick up the _B_Dont keep it on the floor.Awater Bpaper Cbooks Dbottl
11、es,猜押预测,1Micky Mouse is one of the most famous _in America_Asymbol;culture Bsymbol;culturesCsymbols;culture 2There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _Asheeps;people Bsheep;people Csheep;peoples 3Theres little _ left at home.Go and buy some,dear. Adictionaries Boranges Crice 4Here are some _Do
12、 you like _?Aoranges;them Borange;it Coranges;they,C,B,C,A,5I paid ¥10 for _ this morning. A4 bottle milks B4 bottles of milk C4 bottles of milks 6In our school there are fiftyfive Awomen teachers Bwoman teachers Cwomen teacher 7_is coming.What can I get for my mother? What about a scarf? AWomens Da
13、y BWomans Day CWomens Day 8Jim,how far is it from your house to the school? Oh,its not far,only about _walk. Aten minutes Bten minute Cten minutes,B,A,A,C,9Are you sure this is a photo_,the famous comedy actress?It surprised you,didnt it?But she was once really thin.AJia Ling BJia Lings Cof Jia Ling
14、 10Peter regards Chengdu as his second _because he has lived here for ten years.Afamily Bhouse Chome 11Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.OK.Thanks for your_Aoffer Binformation Cmessage 12Why not buy a secondhand flat first if you dont have enough money?Thats a good_Aquestion Bsug
15、gestion Cdecision,C,C,A,B,专项 2 冠 词,高频考点精讲,考点1 不定冠词的用法,不定冠词有a和an 两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。其基本用法为:1不定冠词a/an 的基本用法,2.不定冠词a /an 的区别,【注意】 判断一个词前用a还是an时根据其读音,而不是根据其字母。可以这样记忆:不见元音不加an;不看字母看发音。,考点2 定冠词的用法,考点3 零冠词的用法,零冠词是指名词前面没有不定冠词(a,an)、定冠词(the),也没有其他限定词的现象。具体用法如下:,八年真题全练,分析近几年菏泽中考单项填空对冠词的考查可以看出
16、,冠词是菏泽中考的必考点。其主要考查定冠词和不定冠词在具体语境中的活用以及习语和固定搭配的使用上。2018年对定冠词和不定冠词的活用以及固定搭配中零冠词的使用仍是考查重点。,考点1 不定冠词a/an,1.2017菏泽,21Have you seen_B_TV play called In the name of people?Yes,its quite _excellent play!Aa;the Bthe;an C/;an 22015菏泽,21Jane is _A_ 16yearold high school student in _ United States.Aa;the Bthe;a
17、Ca;/ 32013菏泽,1Does Heze have A airport?No,but we can take _ bus to Jinan or Zhengzhou.Aan;the Ban;a Cthe;a Da;a,42012菏泽,1My host family is taking me to _A_ English film festival next weekend.Aan Ba Cthe D不填,考点2 定冠词the,5.2014菏泽,1Doing lots of listening practice is one of _B_ best ways of becoming_ go
18、od language learner.Athe;the Bthe;aC不填;a Dthe;不填 62010菏泽,22May I have a look at _C_ book tonight?Of course,you can.I have _ old one at home.Athe;a Ba;the Cthe;an Dthe;the,考点3 零冠词的用法,7.2016菏泽,21Did you have A good time yesterday?Yeah,I really had _ fun at the party!Aa;/ Ba;the C/;the 82011菏泽,22On Apr
19、il 12,1961,_C_27yearold Yuri Gagarin(尤里加加林)became the first human to go into_ space.Athe;不填 Bthe;theCa;不填 Da;the,猜押预测,1Does your father go to work by_car every day? No,he sometimes takes _bus. Aa;the Bthe;a C不填;a 2Some small shops in Britain usually close for _ hour at _lunchtime. Aan;the Ba;/ Can;/
20、 3My cousin went abroad at_age of eighteen. Aa Ban Cthe 4Uncle is coming by_train tomorrow. Lets go to _ railway station to meet him. Aa;the B/;a C/;the,C,C,C,C,5We usually have three meals day.We have _ breakfast at eight in the morning every day.Aa;the Ba;a Ca;/ 6Will you stay for _supper with us?
21、Sure,Id love to.Home cooking is just what I like.Aan Bthe C/ 7Whats your dream job,Lucy? I want to be _ doctor.Aa Ban Cthe 8David is _ eightyearold boy with short black hair.A/ Ba Can,C,C,A,C,9David is _ singer.He thinks it is _interesting job.Aa;the Bthe;an Ca;an 10Peter is _ honest man so people i
22、n our village all believe him.Aa Ban Cthe 11In my opinion,who you are is more important than _way you look.Aa B/ Cthe 12Did you solve _ problem you were discussing at the meeting?No,we didnt.It was _ difficult problem we had ever met.Athe;the Ba;a Cthe;a,C,B,C,C,专项 3 代 词,高频考点精讲,考点1 人称代词、物主代词,1.人称代词的
23、用法,2.物主代词的用法,【注意】 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,用于名词前作定语,相当于形容词。名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词。具有名词的特征,后面不带名词,须单独使用。如:This new watch is hers.This is her new watch.这个新手表是她的。物主代词前后不能有this,that,some,a,an,the 等词修饰。当表示强调时,形容词性物主代词可与own连用,意为“某人自己的”。如:my own room我自己的房间。,考点2 反身代词,反身代词的用法:,【注意】 反身代词的常见固定搭配。如:help oneself随便吃;enjoy onese
24、lf 玩得愉快;teach oneself 自学;by oneself 单独地,独自地;dress oneself自己穿衣服。,考点3 不定代词,1.普通不定代词 普通不定代词有:some,any,no,few,little,none,many,much,either,neither,one,each,another,both,all,other。,【辨析】 both/either/neither/none/no one与all,不定代词中的指代数量:,2.复合不定代词,复合不定代词的用法: (1)复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。 (2)复合不定
25、代词被形容词或else修饰时,形容词或else需后置。 (3)由some构成的不定代词往往用于肯定句中;而由any构成的不定代词则往往用于否定句或疑问句中。由some构成的不定代词有时也可用于疑问句中,用来表明特殊用意。,考点4 指示代词,考点5 疑问代词,疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词,一般放在句首,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。,【注意】 which“哪一个”,指在一定范围内特指的人或物,而what没有一定的范围限制。如:Which do you like,spring or summer?春天和夏天,你喜欢哪一个?What would you like?你喜欢什么?,八年真题全
26、练,代词是菏泽中考的必考点。常以单项填空或完形填空的形式考查物主代词、人称代词、不定代词的辨析。反身代词在近几年中考中并未涉及,但仍是考查重点。预计2018年中考的单项填空和完形填空中会考查一道代词辨析题。,考点1 人称代词、物主代词,12017菏泽,23After talking happily with my new friend,I gave her my WeChat number and she gave me_B_Aher Bhers Cherself,考点3 不定代词,22015菏泽,29Who taught Zhu Zhiwen to sing?_C_! He learned
27、singing by himself.AEverybody BSomebody CNobody 32014菏泽,9Which of the two pairs of shoes will you take?Ill take _D_They are too small for me.Aboth Ball Ceither Dneither 42013菏泽,7Dont be angry with your kid when he makes a mistake again,will you?No,I wont.I know that _A_ of us are perfect after all.A
28、none Bneither Ceach Dall 52011菏泽,26_D_of the two storybooks are very interesting,so I cant decide which one to choose.AAll BAny CEither DBoth,考点4 指示代词,62015菏泽,22When we got to the park yesterday,_B_ started raining.Athat Bit Cthis 72014菏泽,2We decide to make_C_ a rule for us roommates to turn off the
29、 lights at 10:30 pm.Athat Bthis Cit Done 82012菏泽,5Do you need a new dictionary,Susan?No,Mum.My uncle bought me _A_ yesterday.Aone Bit Cthe one Danother,考点5 疑问代词,92016菏泽,23_B_ teachers will you miss the most after junior high school,Lisa?Ms.Lee and Mr.Hunt.AWhose BWhich CWhat,猜押预测,1Dave,where is Mr.B
30、lack?I saw _in the classroom ten minutes ago.Ahe Bhim Cshe 2Is your iPad black,Jenny?No,it isnt._ is white.AYours BMine CHers 3If we just think about _,the boat of friendship will be overturned anytime.Amyself Bhimself Courselves 4Huang Wei rides a bike very well.Who taught him?No one.He taught _Ahi
31、m Bhis Chimself 5Therere four bedrooms in the house,_with its own shower.Thats what I want.Ive got a few kids. Aeither Bneither Ceach,B,B,C,C,C,6Is there _beef in the fridge?No,there isnt.There is _pork.Asome;any Bany;any Cany;some 7I cant find my ticket.I think I have lost _.Ait Bone Cthis 8The pop
32、ulation of China is larger than _of India.Yes,but Indias population is increasing rapidly.Ait Bthis Cthat 9_is very dangerous to swim alone in the river.AIt BThis CThat 10_Tshirt is this?I think its Toms.AWhose BWhich CWhat,C,A,C,A,A,专项 4 介 词,高频考点精讲,考点1 表时间介词的辨析,1.at 表示具体的时间点。如:at six oclock在六点;at h
33、alf past four在四点半。at 还常用在一些固定短语中。 如:at New Year 在新年;at the age of 在岁时;at the end of 在最后;at first 起初。 2in (1)表示时间:与年、月、日、周、季节、早晨、下午或晚上等名词连用。如:in 2016 在2016年;in September 在九月份;in the morning 在上午。 (2)“in时间段”表示将来“(时间)以后”。,3on 表示具体某日或某日的上午、下午或晚上。如:on Sunday在星期天;on March 2nd在三月二号;on Tuesday afternoon在星期二下
34、午;on a hot morning在一个炎热的早晨。 4before,after before“在之前”;after“在之后”,常用于时间点前。 5since,for (1)since后跟时间点,指从某时延续到现在。通常与现在完成时连用。 (2)for后跟时间段,强调某动作或状态持续了多长时间,可与过去、现在、将来等多种时态连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。,考点2 表地点介词的辨析,1.at,in与on at较小地点;in较大地点。如:at the bus stop在公共汽车站。 on表示“在上面”,表示和物体表面相接触。 2in front of,behind,in the front o
35、f与at the back of表示“前后” in front of常指位置“在的前面/正面”,其反义词为behind“在后面”。 in the front of也指位置,“在前部”,指一物体在另一物体的内部的前方。其反义词为at the back of“在后面”。,3in,inside,outside,into与out of表示“里外” in“在内部”。 inside“在里面/到里面”,反义词为outside “在外面”。 into“到内”,反义词为out of“在外”。 4over,under,above与below 表示“上下” over表示两者不接触,两者是垂直关系,表示“在正上方”,
36、其反义词为under。 above 表示两者不接触,不一定垂直,表示“在的上方”,其反义词为below。,考点3 方式、手段或工具介词的辨析和用法,考点4 介词固定搭配,1.介词名词 at night 在夜里;at school 在学校;on time 按时;on foot 步行。 2形容词介词 be late for 迟到;be afraid of 害怕;be good for 对有好处;be famous for 因而出名;be different from 与不同。 3动词介词 ask for 要求;leave for 动身去;send for 派人去找;pay for 付钱;wait
37、for 等待;agree with 同意。,考点5 其他介词辨析,1.besides和except besides “除之外,还有”,包括后面所提到的人或物。 except “除了之外”,不包括后面所提的人或物在内。 2including和included including意为“包括”,用于列举的事物前。 如:The band played many songs,including some of my favorites.这个乐队演奏了很多的歌,包括我最喜欢的一些歌。 included意为“包含,包括”,常置于被修饰词之后。如:We all went,me included.我们都去了,连
38、我在内。,八年真题全练,介词是菏泽中考中单项填空的必考点,主要考查常用介词的基本用法(表示时间、方位、方式等)和一些常用介词的固定搭配。完形填空中也涉及介词或介词短语的辨析。对介词其他方面的考查,体现在易混介词的辨析。完形填空中也可能会涉及介词辨析。,考点1 时间介词,12014菏泽,6It is believed that _A_ December 21st,1891,the first basketball game in history was played.Aon Bin Cat Dby,考点3 方式、手段等介词,22012菏泽,4What does your new English
39、teacher look like?She is a pretty lady _C_ long hair.Aat Bfor Cwith Dof,考点4 介词和固定搭配,32016菏泽,22Please email me B if you have any questions.Aon Bat Cto 42015菏泽,26_A_ the No.48 bus driver,all the passengers were saved.The driver managed to stop the bus before he died.AThanks to BAccording to CAs for 5
40、2011菏泽,24Sometimes most of us probably are angry_B_our friends,parents or teachers.Ato Bwith Cat Dfor,考点5 其他介词辨析,62013菏泽,5Most of the kids in our school enjoy pop songs,_B_ some hit songs on the Internet like Gangnam Style.Abesides BincludingCexcept Dwithout,猜押预测,1Hurry up! The movie will begin _10
41、minutes. Aat Bin Cfor 2The accident happened _ a cold winter early morning.Ain Bat Con 3We have been in China _three years.We like it very much.Ain Bfor Csince 4For many Western people,they drink cold water even _winter.Aon Bfor Cin 5I often go to the bookstore _ Quancheng Road although its crowed.A
42、on Bfor Cfrom,B,C,B,C,A,6You see,Kevin is writing _ his left hand.Ain Bby Cwith 7Could you please give me a hand?I cant complete the task on time _ your help.Awithout Bunder Cwith 8His opinions are similar_yours but different _Julias.Ato;from Bfrom;to Cas;with 9Could you tell me the way _the railway
43、 station?Go along this road and soon youll find it.Aat Bto Cin 10Alice,would you like to go hiking with us?What a pity! I am free everyday_ today. Afor Bexcept Cbesides,C,A,A,B,B,专项 5 连 词,高频考点精讲,考点1 并列连词,表示平行或承接关系的并列连词主要有and,neither.nor.,not only.but(also).,both.and.,as well as等;表示转折关系的并列连词主要有but,ye
44、t,while,however;表示选择关系的并列连词主要有or,either.or.,not.but.等;表示因果关系的并列连词主要有for,so,therefore等。,1.常见并列连词,2.复合并列连词,考点2 从属连词,1.引导宾语从句的连词 (1)that引导由陈述句转变成的宾语从句,在口语或非正式用语中可省略that。 (2)if,whether引导由一般疑问句转变成的宾语从句,一般可互换。以下情况只能用whether: 宾语从句在介词后时;后跟动词不定式时;句中含有or not时;用if发生歧义时。 (3)引导由特殊疑问句转变成的宾语从句,常用 who,whom,which,wh
45、ose,what,when,where,why,how,whatever,whoever等。,2引导状语从句的连词(1)引导时间状语从句的连词:,【注意】when和while 均可引导时间状语从句,意为“当时候”。when既可以引导延续性动词,又可以引导短暂性动词;而while只能引导延续性动词。 since 引导的时间状语从句,表示“自从以来”,主句通常是一般现在时或现在完成时,从句动词通常用过去式。 as soon as引导的时间状语从句,表示“一就”,该连词所在的句子中,若主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表将来。,(2)引导原因状语从句的连词:because,as,since等。,(
46、3)引导条件状语从句的连词:if,unless,as long as等。,(4)引导比较状语从句的连词:as,than,as.as,not.so/as.as等。,(5)引导让步状语从句的连词:though,although,even if,however,even though等。,(6)引导目的状语从句的连词:so,so that,in order that,in case等。,(7)引导结果状语从句的连词:so.that,such.that等。,八年真题全练,连词是近几年菏泽中考的必考点。并列连词主要考查其在句中的逻辑关系与意义,如表转折、因果、并列、选择关系的用法。其中对but表转折的用法考查较多。从属连词主要考查其在状语从句中的运用及辨析,常见的有if或unless引导的条件状语从句;when,while,as soon as 引导的时间状语从句。分析近几年的中考题可看出,考查从属连词的情况较多,并列连词的情况较少。复合并列连词从未涉及。预计2018年中考将涉及此部分的内容。,