1、1Unit 22 Environmental Protection Section Warmup & Lesson 1课时语法精讲 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG语法预备役用括号里动词的正确形式完成下面的句子1Recent reports warned that global warming _ terrible climate changes.(cause)答案：will cause2Scientists found that the temperature of the Earth _ by greenhouse gases.(control)答案：is controlled3Exp
2、erts advocate that each person _ their part.(play)答案：play4One day, scientists believe that human beings _ freely in space.(travel)答案：will travel5The teacher said that two plus two _ four.(be)答案：is语法讲座直接引语和间接引语1定义：我们转述别人的话时，可以引用别人的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的意思，被转述的部分称为间接引语。间接引语多构成宾语从句。2直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规
3、则(1)人称的变化直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时，要根据句意、情景进行变化。She said “I am busy.”She said that she was busy.她说她很忙。He often says, “Ill do good for my country.”He often says he will do good for his country.他常说他将为国家做有益的事情。强化印证 1把下列直接引语变为间接引语21She said， “My brother wants to go with me.”_ 答案：She said her brother wanted to go
4、with her.2He said to Kate, “Where is your sister now？”_ 答案：He asked Kate where her sister was then.3Mr. Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”_ 答案：Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.4John said, “Im going to London with my father.”_ 答案：John said that he was going to London with his father.5 “You sho
5、uld pay more attention to your pronunciation， ” the teacher said._ 答案：The teacher said that I should pay more attention to my pronunciation.(2)动词时态的变化当主句动词为一般过去时态时，间接引语中的谓语动词按照时态一致的原则，通常要由原时态向过去推一步。列表如下：直接引语 间接引语动词时态一般现在时 一般过去时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时一般过去时 过去完成时过去完成时 (不变)一般将来时 过去将来时直接引语变间接引语时态不变的几种情况：
6、当直接引语表示真理或客观事实时，时态不变。“The earth moves around the sun.” the teacher said.The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.当直接引语动词表示的状态或动作仍在继续时，时态不变。“Im a student of Senior Three.” the boy said.The boy answered that he is a student of Senior Three.3当直接引语陈述的是一种目前还反复出现或习惯性的动作时，时态不变。“I get up at six ocloc
7、k every morning.” he said.He said he gets up at six oclock every morning.如果直接引语中有明确的过去时间状语时，时态不变。“I was born in 1984.” said the boy.The boy said he was born in 1984.直接引语中的谓语动词时态是过去完成时，时态不变。“I had taught for ten years before I began to write.” said the writer.The writer said she/he had taught for ten
8、 years before she/he began to write.强化印证 2把下列直接引语变为间接引语1She said， “I have lost a pen.”_ 答案：She said she had lost a pen.2She said， “We hope so.”_ 答案：She said they hoped so.3She said, “He will go to see his friend.”_ 答案：She said he would go to see his friend.4 “The earth moves around the sun and the m
9、oon moves around the earth， ” the teacher told me._ 答案：The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.5Jack said， “John, where were you going when I met you in the street？”_ 答案：Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.(3)其他变化在直接引语变为间接引语
10、时，往往由于情景发生了变化，还常随之出现指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词的变化。列表如下：在直接引语中 在间接引语中指示代词 this that4these those时间状语nowtodayyesterdaylast weektomorrownext yeartwo days agothenthat daythe day beforethe week beforethe next daythe next yeartwo days before地点状语 here there动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mightmust/had togotake强化印证 3把下
11、列直接引语变为间接引语1He said， “These books are mine.”_ 答案：He said those books were his.2He said， “Please show me this one.”_ 答案：He asked me to show him that one.3 “Well leave here tomorrow， ” he said._ 答案：He said that they would leave there the next day.4He asked， “How did these differences come about？”_ 答案：
12、He asked how those differences had come about.5 “What is adventure travel？” he asked._ 答案：He asked what adventure travel was.3直接引语和间接引语不同句型的转化(1)直接引语为陈述句，转化为间接引语时变成由 that 引导的宾语从句，that 可以省略。“I once went to Japan for a visit， ” Mrs. Duncan said to me.5Mrs. Duncan told me (that) she once had gone to Ja
13、pan for a visit.Duncan 夫人对我说她曾经去日本参观过。“I shall tell him exactly what I think， ” she said.She said (that) she would tell him exactly what she thought.她说她将会告诉他所有她所想的。(2)直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语改为由 if/whether 引导的宾语从句。He said， “Have you finished the task？”He asked (me) if I had finished the task.他问(我)是否完成
14、了那项任务。He said， “Did you go to the cinema to see the new film？”He asked (me) whether I had been to the cinema to see the new film.他问(我)是否去电影院看那部新电影了。(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语用特殊疑问句本身所带的疑问词，如 when, where, who, why, how, how many, how old 等。She asked me, “When do they have their dinner？”She asked me when the
15、y had their dinner.她问我他们什么时候吃饭。“How can we improve the condition of the soil？” the farmers asked him.The farmers asked him how they could improve the condition of the soil.农民们问他如何才能改善土壤的质量。(4)直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语要将祈使句的谓语动词改为不定式作句子的宾语补足语。She said to us, “Please sit down.”She asked us to sit down.她要求我们坐下。注意
16、：主句的谓语动词有时要根据直接引语的情态和语气作相应的变化，如：say 说；tell 告诉；ask 问；suggest 建议；order 命令等。强化印证 4把下列直接引语变为间接引语1She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”_ 答案：She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.2He said， “Can you swim, John？”6_ 答案：He asked John if he could swim.3 “You have finished the homework
17、, havent you？” my mother asked._ 答案：My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.4She asked me, “When do they have their dinner？”_ 答案：She asked me when they had their dinner.5 “Dont make any noise， ” she said to the children._ 答案：She told/ordered the children not to make any noise.4直接引语变间接
18、引语时，要注意以下几种特殊情况(1)间接引语中总是使用陈述语序。He asked me, “Do you study English or French？”He asked me whether I studied English or French.他问我学的是英语还是法语。(2)如果转述时说话人和听话人明确地点不变，here 不必变为 there，come 不必改为go；如果就在当天转述，则 today, yesterday, tomorrow 等状语也不必变化。She said to us, “Ill come here tomorrow.”She told us she would c
19、ome here tomorrow.她告诉我们她明天将要来这儿。考点研讨1 Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell_ close you may be to victory.答案研讨：how 考查宾语从句。tell 之后为宾语从句，其后宾语从句部分为感叹句转换而来，描述形容词用 how。间接引语通常以宾语从句的形式出现，而考查其中的连接词是其重点之一。2 All we need _ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of f
20、ruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案研讨：is句意：我们所需要的就是一小片土地，我们可以在一年中播种的季节里在那儿种植各类果树。根据题干可知 all 指代的是 a small piece of land，所以谓语动词要用单数形式，整句话的语境为一般现在时，故填 is。3 Since the time humankind started gardening, we _(try) to make 7our environment more beautiful.答案研讨：have been trying句意：自从人类开始从事
21、园艺工作以来，我们就一直在努力使我们的环境更美。根据 Since the time humankind started gardening 以及 try to make our environment more beautiful 这一动作现在还在进行可知，设空处需用现在完成进行时。4Havent seen you for ages! Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and_(stay) there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.答案研讨：stayed句意：好长时间没见到你了！你去哪儿了？我去宁夏支教了一
22、年。答句由 and 连接两个并列的谓语动词，根据 went 及句意可知，此处表示的动作发生在过去， “待”这个动作与 went 这个动作几乎同时发生，故用一般过去时态。达标演练.句型转换将下列直接引语变为间接引语1He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”_ 答案：He said that his sister had been there three days before.2 “I bought these pearls for my mother， ” Jack said._ 答案：Jack said he had bought those
23、 pearls for his mother.3He asked， “Are you interested in English？”_ 答案：He asked me if/whether I was interested in English.4 “Ill come to help you whenever you need my help， ” he answered her._ 答案：He answered her that he would go to help her whenever she needed his help.5 “When did you go to bed last
24、 night？” Father asked Anne._ 答案：Father asked Anne when she had gone to bed the night before.将下列间接引语变为直接引语6Nancy asked when they were going to visit the Summer Palace._ 答案：Nancy said, “When are we going to visit the Summer Palace？”87Jim said that what he was expecting was a long distance call._ 答案：Ji
25、m said， “What I am expecting is a long distance call.”8Paul asked if their team had won the match._ 答案：Paul said， “Has our team won the match？”9He said that hed been waiting there for an hour._ 答案：He said， “Ive been waiting here for an hour.”10He said that he had taken it home with him._答案：He said，
26、“I took it home with me.”.单句语法填空(不多于 3 个单词)1The shocking news made me realize _ terrible problems we would face.答案：what 动词 realize 后的宾语从句的结构为“what adj. n.陈述句的语序。”2He asked me _ I could pick him up _. (tomorrow)答案：if/whether；the next day 由 asked 可知，此处宾语从句用 if/whether 引导，语境为过去时，则 tomorrow 变为 the next
27、day。3 “Be careful with the dog， ”said he.He _ me to be careful with the dog.答案：warned warn 是“告诫，警告，提醒”的意思，符合句意。4What did the doctor say?He _ Jim to _ (lie) in bed for two days.答案：told；lie 考查转述结构中动词的选用及搭配。tell sb. to do sth.“告诉某人做某事” ，又因不定式后跟动词原形。5_ (report) that many people died in that car accident
28、.答案：It is reported 句意：据报道许多人在那场车祸中丧生。It is reported that.“据报道”为固定句式。6 He never doubted _ they would succeed.答案：that 句意：他相信他们一定能成功。doubt 在否定句中后面跟 that 从句。7 He suggested that we _ (discuss) the plan later, which suggested that he _ (be) against it.9答案：(should)discuss；was 考查宾语从句动词形式。句意：他建议我们过些时候讨论这项计划，
29、这表明他反对该计划。第一个 suggest 表示“建议” ，其后宾语从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即(should) do 形式；第二个 suggest 意为“暗示，表明” ，其后宾语从句用陈述语气。8 It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.答案：that 句意：已经证明小时候吃蔬菜有助于在以后的生活中保护你抵御严重疾病。该句为常用句型：Itbe v.edthat 从句。9 He insisted that th
30、e windows _ (not close) when he slept.答案：not be closed 句意：他坚持睡觉时不关窗子。insist 当“坚持，坚决要求”讲时，其后宾语从句要用虚拟语气(should) do，且此处需用被动语态，否定词 not 置于be 前。10The witness said to the policeman that he _ (wait) for a bus when the traffic accident happened.答案：was waiting 间接引语中有“when” ，when 在这里引导时间状语从句，when 前面的动作 wait 与后面的事情 traffic accident 同时发生，所以要用过去进行时。
