1、 TIA DOCUMENT Minimum Standards for Communications Antennas, Base Station Antennas TIA-329-C (Revision of TIA-392-B) AUGUST 2003 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION The Telecommunications Industry Association represents the communications sector of Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provid
2、ed by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating inte
3、rchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufacturing or selling produ
4、cts not conforming to such Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Documents preclude their voluntary use by non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. TIA DOCUMENTS TIA Documents contain information deemed to be of technical value to the industry, and are published at the re
5、quest of the originating Committee without necessarily following the rigorous public review and resolution of comments which is a procedural part of the development of a American National Standard (ANS). Further details of the development process are available in the TIA Engineering Manual, located
6、at http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/sfg/engineering_manual.cfm TIA Documents shall be reviewed on a five year cycle by the formulating Committee and a decision made on whether to reaffirm, revise, withdraw, or proceed to develop an American National Standard on this subject. Suggestions for revisio
7、n should be directed to: Standards therefore the gain of the isotropic point source shall be zero dBi. The gain of an antenna (see 4.8) shall be expressed as that over a theoretical isotropic source in dBi. 3.3.2 Gain standard antenna 1 GHz and above For frequency bands 1 GHz and above, the configur
8、ation of the standard antenna is shown in Figure 2, and is comprised of an optimal pyramidal microwave horn, fed by a standard waveguide and flange configuration. The antenna gain is accurately determined by the physical dimensions of the pyramidal horn. Microwave horn dimensions and gain values are
9、 given in Table 3. Standard waveguide part numbers and dimensions are given in Table 4. Gain calculations were derived from equation 5 and Table A-1 in 5. Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
10、nse from IHS-,-,-TIA-329-C 6 Figure 2 - Physical dimensions for calculating the gain of a pyramidal horn Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA-329-C 7 Table 3 - Microwave s
11、tandard gain horn antenna dimensions Dimensions, Interior Design Point Band Edges Frequency Band (GHz) a Inches (cm) b Inches (cm) lH Inches (cm) lE Inches (cm) Freq (GHz) Gain (dBi) Freq / Gain (GHz)/(dBi) Freq / Gain (GHz)/(dBi) 0.75 1.12 32.559 (82.700) 24.094 (61.200) 36.016 (91.480) 31.125 (79.
12、057) 0.950 16.0 0.750 / 14.3 1.120 / 16.9 0.95 1.15 21.931 (55.705) 16.245 (41.262) 28.730 (72.974) 24.000 (60.960) 1.000 13.7 0.950 / 13.3 1.150/ 14.8 1.15 1.70 21.931 (55.705) 16.245 (41.262) 24.955 (63.386) 21.325 (54.166) 1.300 15.5 1.150 / 13.2 1.700 / 17.1 1.70 2.60 14.508 (36.850) 10.747 (27.
13、297) 16.508 (41.930) 14.107 (35.832) 1.970 15.5 1.700 / 14.5 2.600 / 17.2 2.60 3.95 12.760 (32.410) 9.450 (24.003) 18.682 (47.452) 16.593 (42.146) 3.000 18.0 2.600 / 17.0 3.950 / 19.7 3.95 - 5.88 8.507 (21.608) 6.300 (16.002) 12.462 (31.653) 11.062 (28.097) 4.500 18.0 3.950 / 17.1 5.880 / 19.6 5.88
14、8.33 11.360 (28.854) 8.415 (21.374) 20.014 (50.836) 18.700 (47.498) 6.315 22.1 5.880 / 21.8 8.330 / 22.9 Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TIA-329-C 8 Table 4 - Microwave r
15、ectangular waveguide reference Dimensions, Interior Frequency Band (GHz) EIA Waveguide Designation1WR ( ) RG ( ) /U* Designation Inches cm .750 1.12 975 204 4.875 x 9.750 12.383 x 24.765 .950 1.150 770 205 7.700 x 3.850 19.558 x 9.779 1.150 1.700 650 103 6.500 x 3.250 16.510 x 8.255 1.700 - 2.600 43
16、0 105 4.300 x 2.150 10.922 x 5.461 2.600 3.950 284 75 2.840 x 1.340 7.214 x 3.404 3.950 5.880 187 95 1.872 x 0.872 4.755 x 2.215 5.880 8.330 137 106 1.372 x 0.622 3.485 x 1.579 * Assumes aluminum construction 1This designation follows (now withdrawn) EIA Standard 261B 6. While the standard is no lon
17、ger in force, reference to it is kept here because these designations are still in common use. Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TTIA-329-C 9 3.4 Antenna test site The test
18、 site is the general vicinity of the antenna under test. Specific conditions for the test are stated in detail in 4.1.2 for VSWR and impedance tests and in 4.3.2 and 4.3.4 for pattern and gain measurements. 3.4.1 Effective antenna volume The effective antenna volume is the actual volume occupied by
19、the radiating part of the antenna plus one-half wavelength all the way around, taking into account all appropriate positions of the antenna under test. For certain applications, such as a side-mounted vertical antenna, the supporting structure is in the RF field. In this case, the supporting structu
20、re shall be included in the effective antenna volume. 3.4.2 Source antenna The source antenna is any antenna that illuminates the antenna under test for gain or radiation pattern within specified conditions. 3.4.3 Antenna test range The test range is the space occupied by the source antenna, the ant
21、enna under test, the space between them, and the equipment for gain and radiation pattern measurement. 3.5 Ambient conditions 3.5.1 Ambient weather Measurement of VSWR, radiation pattern and antenna power gain may be made at outdoor test sites and ranges under prevailing weather conditions. 3.5.2 Am
22、bient RF noise level The ambient noise level for any measurement under the standard shall be a minimum of 10 dB below RF parameters being measured. Should the nominal noise level be less than 10 dB a correction shall be applied to meet the 10 dB minimum. Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Prov
23、ided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TTIA-329-C 10 3.6 Polarization The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric vector of the wave radiated by the antenna.23.7 Omnidirectional antenna An omnidirecti
24、onal antenna is an antenna having a non-directive pattern in azimuth (within specified limits), at a specified elevation angle, and a directive pattern in elevation. 3.8 Bandwidth The INSTANTANEOUS (or also called the OPERATING) bandwidth of the antenna is the frequency range(s) over which it will p
25、erform within specification without changing tuning adjustments. The TUNEABLE bandwidth of the antenna is the frequency range or ranges over which the instantaneous bandwidth may be adjusted. 3.9 Directional antenna A directional antenna is an antenna that radiates or receives radio waves more effec
26、tively in some azimuthal direction(s) than others. 3.10 Elevation beam tilt The elevation beam tilt of a base station antenna is the angle between the main beam maximum and a plane horizontal to the ground. An antenna with downtilt has its beam pointing toward the ground, and one with uptilt has its
27、 beam pointing skyward. Mechanical beam tilt is accomplished by physically moving the antenna structure to tilt the beam and electrical beam tilt is accomplished by adjustment of the phase of the antenna elements. Variable electrical beam tilt, so called, is electrical beam tilt that is field adjust
28、able by mechanical means. 3.11 Smart antenna Antennas whose radiation pattern can be changed as a function of time, in a directed manner so as to improve system parameters are commonly referred to as Smart Antennas. Switched Beam Smart Antennas contain an array of radiators combined into multiple po
29、rts, which can be switched, selected by their 2The electric vector magnitude varies as a function of rotation angle. For linear polarization it is suggested that the ratio of the maximum to minimum electric vector be greater than 20 dB. For circular polarization it is recommended that the ratio of m
30、aximum to minimum electric vector be less than 0.2 dB. Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TTIA-329-C 11 control system. In Adaptive Smart Antennas the amplitude and phase of
31、 each of the radiating elements can be adjusted and combined in a manner to achieve optimum performance. The standards apply for Smart Antennas as they do for any other antenna except for the following which will be measured for each port of the Smart Antenna: 1) gain, 2) relative pointing angle, 3)
32、 azimuth beamwidth, 4) VSWR, and 5) port-to-port isolation. For Smart Antennas the radiation pattern and antenna gain shall be determined, by measurement or calculation, with all radiating elements fed with the same excitation amplitude and phase. In addition, a calibration procedure shall be define
33、d by the supplier, where a prescribed set of amplitude and phase excitations will be employed as inputs to the antenna to demonstrate that a specified performance can be obtained by measurement. 3.12 Orthogonally polarized diversity antenna An orthogonally polarized diversity antenna is an antenna,
34、which is capable of receiving or radiating radio waves in two or more orthogonal polarizations. The antenna will possess two or more ports, one corresponding to each polarization. 3.13 Scale model measurements Methods for the antenna radiation pattern and gain measurements are stated in Clauses 4.3
35、and 4.8. However, at frequencies below 132 MHz, meaningful and accurate results of these measurements are difficult to obtain on a full-size antenna. In this case, scale model techniques shall be used. It shall be stated in the published literature that the results are obtained by scale model measur
36、ements. 3.13.1 Scale ratio The scale ratio is the ratio for the operating frequency of the scale model to that of the full-size antenna. The ratio shall be stated and shall not exceed 6. 3.13.2 Linear accuracy The scale model shall be constructed to at least the following accuracy or better: Ls= (L
37、0.01 L)/R (1) where R is the scale ratio, Lsis any significant linear dimension of the scale model, and L is the corresponding linear dimension of the full-size antenna. Copyright Electronic Industries Alliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitt
38、ed without license from IHS-,-,-TTIA-329-C 12 3.13.3 Materials The parts of the scale model shall be constructed of materials that simulate the electrical characteristics of the corresponding parts of the full-size antenna. Although this is not in strict conformance with scale model techniques, the
39、errors introduced are small enough that the accuracy of the measurement will not be impaired noticeably, provided that the scaling factor is not too large. 3.13.4 Supporting tower If the supporting tower and mast are electrically essential parts of the antenna, and affect the impedance and VSWR of t
40、he antenna, they shall also be scaled. 4 ELECTRICAL STANDARDS With the recent developments of land mobile radio, there are many new kinds of base station antennas introduced that focus on different primary functions. The functions that apply to some do not apply to others. Thus, not all of the elect
41、rical standards in the following paragraphs apply to all antennas that may be tested for compliance to this document. When it is desired to present the results of an evaluation to this Standard in a digital format, the current edition of IS-804 7 shall be used where appropriate. 4.1 Voltage standing
42、 wave ratio (VSWR) Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the antenna is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum values of voltage in the standing wave pattern that appears along a theoretical (lossless) 50 ohm transmission line with the antenna as load. Multiport antennas shall be measured one port
43、at a time and have their other ports loaded with 50 ohm resistive loads. 4.1.1 Method of measurement The antenna under test shall be connected to a suitably matched signal source at the desired frequency, through a VSWR measuring device; such as a network analyzer, bridge or other device, that has a
44、 characteristic impedance equal to that of the transmission line and a residual VSWR of not more than 1.05:1 up to 512 MHz and 1.10:1 above 512 MHz. This residual VSWR should be measured with all connectors to be used in the measurement included and with the line terminated in a matched load. The VS
45、WR, as read on the measuring device, will be the VSWR of the antenna under test at the selected frequency. The measurement shall be made at each frequency of interest. If the RF loss in the line connecting the antenna to the VSWR measuring device exceeds 1/2 dB, the Copyright Electronic Industries A
46、lliance Provided by IHS under license with EIANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-TTIA-329-C 13 measured VSWR values shall be properly corrected to eliminate the effects of the line loss. 4.1.2 Test site The antenna under test shall be located in a spac
47、e relatively free from reflections and sufficiently far from the test equipment and personnel. The test site is considered satisfactory if the change in VSWR is less than 10% when the antenna under test is moved in a horizontal direction a minimum of 1/2 wavelength on each of eight azimuth direction
48、s, 45 degrees apart, and up and down 1/2 wavelength. 4.1.3 Effect of supporting structure For certain applications such as side-mounted vertical radiators, the supporting structure is in the RF field of the antenna. In this case, the antenna supporting structure shall be included in the mounting of
49、the antenna under the VSWR test. 4.1.4 Presentation of results The (corrected) VSWR for each frequency of interest or the maximum over the specified band of frequencies shall be provided, together with the nominal impedance of the measuring device. As an alternative, the return loss, in dB, may be provided instead of the VSWR, where the return loss, is: The above calculation renders retur
