1、 TIA-156-B (Revision of TIA-156-A) December 2016Land Mobile Radio Antenna Systems Minimum Standards for RF Signal Boosters NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitat
2、ing interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufact
3、uring or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordance with the Am
4、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with i
5、ts use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. Any use of trademarks in this document are for information purpose
6、s and do not constitute an endorsement by TIA or this committee of the products or services of the company. (From Project No. TIA-PN-156-B, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA TR-8 Mobile and Personal Private Radio TR-8.11 Subcommittee on Antenna Systems). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDU
7、STRY ASSOCIATION Technology (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the standards development or any editing process. The use or practice of conten
8、ts of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consisting of patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and ca
9、lled to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or validity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of
10、 any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or represent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have
11、 been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. If the Document contains one or more Normative References to a document published by another organization (“other SSO”) engaged in the formulation, development or publication of standards (whether designated as a standard, specification,
12、recommendation or otherwise), whether such reference consists of mandatory, alternate or optional elements (as defined in the TIA Procedures for American National Standards) then (i) TIA disclaims any duty or obligation to search or investigate the records of any other SSO for IPR or letters of assu
13、rance relating to any such Normative Reference; (ii) TIAs policy of encouragement of voluntary disclosure (see TIA Procedures for American National Standards Annex C.1.2.3) of Essential Patent(s) and published pending patent applications shall apply; and (iii) Information as to claims of IPR in the
14、records or publications of the other SSO shall not constitute identification to TIA of a claim of Essential Patent(s) or published pending patent applications. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate p
15、roducts, designs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE
16、, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGU
17、LATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN
18、, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE
19、, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA-156-B - i - FOREWORD This Standard was prepared by TIA Working Group WG-8
20、.11.7 and was approved by TIA Engineering Subcommittee TR-8.11. (This foreword is not part of this Standard.) TIA-156-B - ii - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS NOTE: The users attention is called to the possibility that compliance with this Standard may require use of an invention covered by patent righ
21、ts. By publication of this Standard, no position is taken with respect to the scope or validity of such patent claims or of any patent rights in connection therewith. TIA-156-B - iii - Table of Contents 1 SCOPE . 1 1.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS . 1 1.1.1 Signal Booster. 1 1.1.2 FCC Class A . 1 1.1.3 FCC C
22、lass B . 1 1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 2 2 OBJECTIVE 3 3 SIGNAL BOOSTER ARCHITECTURE 4 3.1 FCC CLASS A 4 3.2 FCC CLASS B 4 3.3 BI-DIRECTIONAL . 4 3.4 UNI-DIRECTIONAL . 4 3.5 HYBRID SIGNAL BOOSTER CONFIGURATION . 4 3.6 MULTI-CARRIER AMPLIFIER . 4 3.7 SINGLE-CARRIER AMPLIFIER 5 4 ELECTRICAL STANDARDS . 5 4.
23、1 RF OUTPUT POWER . 5 4.1.1 Definitions 5 4.1.1.1 Multi-Carrier Booster Amplifiers . 5 4.1.1.2 Single Carrier Booster Amplifiers 5 4.1.2 Methods of measurement 5 4.1.3 Presentation of Results . 6 4.2 GAIN . 6 4.2.1 Definitions 6 4.2.1.1 Gain 6 4.2.1.2 Maximum Gain . 6 4.2.1.3 Minimum Gain . 6 4.2.2
24、Method of Measurement . 6 4.2.3 Presentation of Results . 6 4.3 FIXED GAIN CONTROL. 6 4.3.1 Presentation of Results . 7 4.4 GAIN RIPPLE 7 4.4.1 Passband Ripple . 7 4.4.2 Channel Ripple . 7 4.4.3 Method of Determination 7 4.4.4 Presentation of Results . 7 4.5 AUTOMATIC GAIN ADJUSTMENT . 7 4.5.1 Speci
25、fication Units 7 4.5.1.1 Attack Time 8 4.5.1.2 Release Time 8 4.5.1.3 Settling Time 8 Settling time is defined as the average amount of time it takes for any quasi-sinusoidal variations in gain due to gain adjustment control circuitry to dampen within 0.5 dB of the final value. 8 4.5.1.4 Hysteresis
26、8 4.5.2 Measurement Conditions 8 4.6 NOISE POWER AND NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY . 8 4.6.1 Definitions 8 TIA-156-B - iv - 4.6.1.1 Noise Power 8 4.6.1.2 Noise Power Spectral Density 8 4.6.2 Method of Measurement . 8 4.6.3 Presentation of Results . 9 4.7 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS INPUT SIGNAL LEVEL 9 4.7.1
27、Method of Determination 9 4.7.2 Presentation of Results . 9 4.8 MAXIMUM DIGITAL INPUT SIGNAL LEVEL 9 4.8.1 Method of Measurement . 9 4.8.2 Presentation of Results . 9 4.9 MINIMUM USABLE SIGNAL LEVEL .10 4.9.1 Method of Measurement 10 4.9.1.1 Analog .10 The minimum usable input signal level will be m
28、easured using a CW signal generator and spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer shall be adjusted as for the Noise Power measurement in 4.6. .10 4.9.1.2 Digital 10 4.9.2 Presentation of Results 10 4.10 GROUP DELAY, GROUP DELAY VARIATION i.e. not in or on the verge of oscillation. 4.2.1.3 Minimum Ga
29、in The lowest rated operational gain with all supplied attenuation in-circuit and/or with the maximum allowable number of amplifier stages bypassed. 4.2.2 Method of Measurement Gain shall be measured with a calibrated signal generator and spectrum analyzer over the passband(s) of the signal booster
30、in both uplink and downlink. Gain shall be measured at a level below the rated input and output powers of the signal booster to ensure that the amplifier is not in compression. 4.2.3 Presentation of Results Maximum and minimum gain and any gain variation over the operating bandwidth shall be stated
31、in dB for uplink and downlink. 4.3 Fixed Gain Control The amount and method of fixed gain control available shall be stated. TIA-156-B - 7 - 4.3.1 Presentation of Results Supplied Fixed gain control shall be specified in dB attenuation below full gain, along with the method of control, e.g., program
32、mable attenuator, fixed attenuators, manual step attenuator, amplifier bypass. 4.4 Gain Ripple Any variation in the gain characteristics of the booster attributable to amplifier or filter characteristics shall be identified and stated. 4.4.1 Passband Ripple Peak-to-peak gain variation typically caus
33、ed by discrete filters as used in broadband boosters or the combination of main input/output filters and channel filtersof channelized boosters is defined as Passband Ripple. 4.4.2 Channel Ripple Peak-to-peak gain variation caused by narrower circuit elements that lie between the main input/output f
34、ilters of a channelized booster is defined as Channel Ripple. 4.4.3 Method of Determination Ripple shall be determined as a plus and minus value from an arithmetic mean value over the passband or channel. The ripple for each channel should be measured and the worst case ripple should be reported. 4.
35、4.4 Presentation of Results Maximum passband and channel ripple (if applicable) shall be stated in dB, with separate values for uplink and downlink if they differ. 4.5 Automatic Gain Adjustment Various methods of automatic gain adjustment (e.g., OLC, AGC, ALC) may be employed to protect the amplifie
36、r circuitry from overload, limit output power, and minimize intermodulation products or a combination of any or all of these. It may be designed into the uplink, downlink or both. 4.5.1 Specification Units Automatic gain adjustment, if used, shall be specified as the maximum value of attenuation fro
37、m the maximum gain setting, in dB, that the automatic gain can insert, apart from manual gain adjustment. The Hysteresis, in dB, as well as the attack, settling and release times, in seconds, shall also be specified. TIA-156-B - 8 - 4.5.1.1 Attack Time Attack time is defined as the average amount of
38、 time it takes for the circuitry to adjust the booster gain to the desired level after application of a signal 10 dB above the threshold level and will include the settling time. 4.5.1.2 Release Time Release time is defined as the average amount of time it takes for the circuitry to return the boost
39、er gain to its original level after returning the input signal to its original level and will include the settling time. 4.5.1.3 Settling Time Settling time is defined as the average amount of time it takes for any quasi-sinusoidal variations in gain due to gain adjustment control circuitry to dampe
40、n within 0.5 dB of the final value. 4.5.1.4 Hysteresis Hysteresis is defined as the dB change in input level minus x, required to change the output level x dB, where x is the attenuation step value or 1 dB, whichever is less. 4.5.2 Measurement Conditions Measurements shall be made with unmodulated (
41、CW) signals. 4.6 Noise Power and Noise Power Spectral Density 4.6.1 Definitions 4.6.1.1 Noise Power Noise Power is the average amount of noise conducted from the output of a power amplifier. 4.6.1.2 Noise Power Spectral Density Noise Power Spectral Density is calculated by dividing the Noise Power b
42、y the Equivalent Noise Bandwidth and is typically specified in dBm/Hz. 4.6.2 Method of Measurement Noise power can be directly measured with a spectrum analyzer over a particular bandwidth within the passband(s) of the booster. For class A boosters the noise power should be measured in the passband
43、of each channel. The input and output shall be terminated into 50 Ohms. The displayed noise amplitude in dBm divided by the measurement bandwidth TIA-156-B - 9 - (Equivalent Noise Bandwidth) results in the Noise Power Spectral Density in dBm/Hz. 4.6.3 Presentation of Results The noise power at minim
44、um and maximum gains for both uplink and downlink amplification paths shall be stated in dBm/Hz. 4.7 Maximum Continuous Input Signal Level This is defined as the maximum CW RF signal level that will not cause damage to the circuitry when the booster is in operation. 4.7.1 Method of Determination Thi
45、s is normally determined by the rating of the components used in the lowest-level amplifier circuit. 4.7.2 Presentation of Results Maximum continuous input signal level in dBm shall be stated for downlink and uplink at the RF connectors. 4.8 Maximum Digital Input Signal Level This is defined by the
46、maximum peak component of a complex (digital) signal that will be amplified by the booster without distortion or degradation of the Bit Error Rate (BER). This specification may vary depending upon the specific digital modulation waveform characteristic or type of modulation used. 4.8.1 Method of Mea
47、surement The maximum peak input signal level is determined by exciting the signal booster (adjusted to its normal operating conditions) with a signal generator modulated with the specified digital waveform and increasing this signal level while measuring BER at the booster output. The input signal l
48、evel threshold at which the BER increases by 1% is specified as the Maximum Digital Input Signal Level. Measurements shall be made for each digital modulation waveform with which the booster model will be expected to operate. The signal level shall be measured as an average power, unless specified o
49、therwise by another standard. 4.8.2 Presentation of Results The Maximum Digital Input Signal Level in dBm shall be stated for downlink and uplink at the RF connectors for all digital modulation types expected to be amplified by the model being specified. TIA-156-B - 10 - 4.9 Minimum Usable Signal Level The minimum usable signal level is defined as an input signal that will cause an output level 10 dB above the signal booster noise floor (in one channel bandwidth) for an analog system, or a minimum usable BER (stated in dB above noise) as specified by the system radio equipment
