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    TIA TSB-145-2003 Reliability of Passive Fiber Optic Components Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Fiber Optic Connectors《无源光纤部件的可靠性 光纤连接器的故障模式和机制》.pdf

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    TIA TSB-145-2003 Reliability of Passive Fiber Optic Components Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Fiber Optic Connectors《无源光纤部件的可靠性 光纤连接器的故障模式和机制》.pdf

    1、 TSB-145 February 2003 (r 01/2012) Reliability of Passive Fiber Optic Components: Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Fiber Optic Connectors NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchas

    2、ers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA

    3、 from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Publications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordan

    4、ce with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems ass

    5、ociated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Project No.3-0079, formulated under the cogniz

    6、ance of the TIA TR-42 Telecommunications Cabling Systems, TR-42.13 Subcommittee on Passive Optical Devices and Fiber Optic Metrology). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 U.S.A. PRICE: Please refer to curr

    7、ent Catalog of TIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION STANDARDS AND ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call IHS, USA and Canada (1-877-413-5187) International (303-397-2896) or search online at http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/catalog/ All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT This do

    8、cument is copyrighted by the TIA. Reproduction of these documents either in hard copy or soft copy (including posting on the web) is prohibited without copyright permission. For copyright permission to reproduce portions of this document, please contact the TIA Standards Department or go to the TIA

    9、website (www.tiaonline.org) for details on how to request permission. Details are located at: http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/catalog/info.cfm#copyright or Telecommunications Industry Association Technology (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any

    10、 other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the standards development or any editing process. The use or practice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, o

    11、r copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consisting of patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes

    12、no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or validity of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether

    13、 proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or represent that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. If the Document contains one or more Normative References

    14、 to a document published by another organization (“other SSO”) engaged in the formulation, development or publication of standards (whether designated as a standard, specification, recommendation or otherwise), whether such reference consists of mandatory, alternate or optional elements (as defined

    15、in the TIA Engineering Manual, 4thedition) then (i) TIA disclaims any duty or obligation to search or investigate the records of any other SSO for IPR or letters of assurance relating to any such Normative Reference; (ii) TIAs policy of encouragement of voluntary disclosure (see Engineering Manual S

    16、ection 6.5.1) of Essential Patent(s) and published pending patent applications shall apply; and (iii) Information as to claims of IPR in the records or publications of the other SSO shall not constitute identification to TIA of a claim of Essential Patent(s) or published pending patent applications.

    17、 TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate products, designs or services or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHO

    18、UT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AC

    19、CURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTEN

    20、TS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LIT

    21、IGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE C

    22、ONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TSB-145 TSB-145 RELIABILITY OF PASSIVE FIBER OPTIC COMPONENTS: FAILURE MODES AND MECHANISMS OF FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS TIA FO 4.3 ABSTRACT The understanding of fiber optic connector reliability has progressed in several areas in recent y

    23、ears. Although reliability models for measuring and predicting failure rates are lacking, failure mechanisms and their relationship to material properties, environmental conditions and design parameters are generally well known. A brief summary of failure mechanisms in common connector designs is di

    24、scussed in this report produced by TIA Working Group FO 6.3.8. 1. Introduction Fiber optic connector products are sold and installed worldwide in volumes 10 to 100 million units per year. Despite the large numbers, most fall into one of a few basic designs and therefore have common failure modes. Th

    25、is report reviews the subject of reliability of connectors from the standpoint of failure modes. Within that context, the following topics are addressed. Technology trends Applications Designs and materials Performance requirements and standards Failure mechanisms and analysis 2. General Connector a

    26、ssemblies are single or multi- fiber devices consisting of fiber-terminating plugs and adapters (or receptacles). Their function is to provide remakeable connections between fiber ends 1TSB-145 or between fibers and packaged passive or active devices (e.g. couplers, splitters, wavelength division mu

    27、ltiplexers, transmitters, receivers) to facilitate network reconfiguration. Since fiber terminating processes require carefully controlled polishing, tuning and measuring operations, they are generally carried out in a manufacturing facility. The resulting products are pre-connectorized cable assemb

    28、lies (e.g. patch cords, preterminated building cables or preterminated cable panels) or packaged devices with adapters. Connectors are also sold as components, which can be assembled in the field with the appropriate tool kits and procedures. Connectors are used in all types of multimode (MM) and si

    29、ngle mode (SM) fiber networks under operating conditions ranging from climate controlled building environments to uncontrolled outside plant conditions1,2,3. Some typical functions are: Connecting equipment to network in a central office or commercial building Cross connects in a central office or c

    30、ommercial building telecommunication closet Connecting fibers to outside plant electronics equipment Connecting patch panels to hub or switch in commercial building Connections in outside plant patch panels, cabinets, pedestals and closures (above and below ground). Connecting outside cable plant to

    31、 central office or premise network in a building basement For their intended environments, connectors must provide stable and repeatable connections with respect to physical function, insertion loss (IL or attenuation) and reflectance (or return loss, RL). Except for cases where components are desig

    32、ned with fixed levels of attenuation for purposes of balancing power (attenuators), loss and reflectance are kept as low as is practicable. Maintenance of function and performance within acceptable limits in the above applications and environments is the basic reliability requirement for connectors.

    33、 3. Designs and Technology trends Except for a very limited number of special applications, fiber optic connector designs are based on butt-joint fiber alignment. Most are single- or duplex- fiber devices using cylindrical ferrules (ceramic, metal or some combination) in the plug assembly and split

    34、resilient alignment sleeves (ceramic, metal or polymer) in the adapter assembly. More recent designs employ cleaved fiber V-groove 2TSB-145 alignment with no ferrule. These exist as single or duplex variants as well. Multifiber connectors accommodating arrays from 2 to 12 fibers are used but in smal

    35、ler quantities, today. Array style connectors are typically based on precision machining (or silicon v-groove) and polymer molding technologies. Regardless of the style, the design and manufacturing issues are non-trivial because submicron tolerances are generally required for low insertion loss pro

    36、ducts. Applications of connectors, until fairly recently, have been limited primarily to controlled building or partially protected environments, but as noted below, that trend is changing. Industry standards covering designs, applications, and performance have been in existence or under development

    37、 for many years, but have not fully evolved to a consistent and useful form with respect to defining, measuring and reporting reliability. In recent years, the following trends have evolved: A move toward designs which allow greater fiber density (e.g. Small Form Factor, SFF designs) An increase in

    38、the use of injection molded plastics for ferrules and connector bodies An increase in designs and applications for duplex and multifiber variants Increased application in harsher outside environments Development and refinement of specialty or hybrid components These trends do not change the potentia

    39、l failure modes of connectors but may alter the frequency of occurrence depending on the application 4. Design examples Table 1 lists representative examples of available connector designs covering some of the most commonly used styles and variants of cylindrical ferrule and array types. Two of thes

    40、e are shown in figures 1 and 2. The relevant interface standards are developed within the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Subcommittee 86B and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), Subcommittee 6.3 to ensure mechanical intermateability between different vendor products

    41、made to the same design. It is important to note that conformance to the 3TSB-145 appropriate interface standard affects, but does not guarantee, performance or reliability. TABLE 1: SOME COMMON CONNECTOR STYLES Designation Type/Fiber Count Interface Standard FC cylindrical ferrule-sleeve (2.5 mm) /

    42、 simplex IEC 61754 -13 TIA/EIA-604-4A ST (BFOC 2.5) cylindrical ferrule-sleeve (2.5 mm) / simplex IEC 61754 -2 TIA/EIA-604-2 SC cylindrical ferrule-sleeve (2.5 mm)/ simplex - duplex IEC 61754 -4 TIA/EIA-604-4A MU cylindrical ferrule-sleeve (1.25 mm, SFF)/ simplex - duplex IEC 61754 -6 TIA/EIA-604-xx

    43、 LC cylindrical ferrule-sleeve, (1.25 mm, SFF)/ simplex - duplex IEC 61754 -20 TIA/EIA-604-10 MPO (MTP) Multifiber array-pin alignment/2-12 IEC 61754 -7 MT-RJ Multifiber array pin alignment (SFF) 2-4 IEC 61754 - 8 TIA/EIA-604-11 4TSB-145 Figure 1. Cylindrical ferrule type connector, SC style PLUGPLU

    44、GADAPTORFIBER RIBBONGROOVEHOOKGUIDE PINANGLEDCONNECTORFigure 2. Multi-fiber array type connector, MPO style 5TSB-145 All the designs in table 1 are based on adhesive bonding of fibers inside tightly toleranced ferrule capillaries and precision polishing of the ferrule endface to ensure fiber contact

    45、 and accurate positioning. Some designs have tuning capability (active fiber core alignment) to minimize loss. Acceptable reflectance performance for most applications requires a PC (Physical Contact) ferrule finish. Some applications require further reduction of reflectance, which is achieved with

    46、an APC (Angled Physical Contact) finish. Note: In Japan, APC may be used as an acronym for Advanced Physical Polish. There are other less common designs using innovative technologies including ferrule-less fiber alignment, index matching membranes, and features permitting termination without adhesiv

    47、e bonding or polishing. Since these alternative technologies have had limited use and performance history, this paper will focus on the ferrule and array designs exemplified in table 1. 5. Critical features, parameters and conditions Alignment and positioning of fibers to achieve optical performance

    48、 requires maintenance of tight tolerances on several ferrule dimensions and the endface geometry of the polished ferrule. . These are discussed here for the case of cylindrical ferrule designs4. There is work underway in IEC to develop the endface geometry requirements for array style connectors as

    49、well. Ferrule Geometry (see figure 3): Ferrule and fiber geometry are the basic factors that impact the position of the fiber core in the finished connector. The position of the fiber core in the connector must be predictable so that the offset of the fiber core in a mated pair of connectors is small. This offset is the major factor insertion loss. The following ferrule requirements apply primarily to single-mode applications. Multimode requirements are similar but less stringent. 1. Outer diameter, roundness and cylindricity ( 0.5 m) 2. Hole diameter


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