1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21940-6 SANS 43:2008Edition 2ISO 540:2008Edition 4SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Hard coal and coke Determination of ash fusibility This
4、national standard is the identical implementation of ISO 540:2008 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sa
5、bs.co.za SABS SANS 43:2008 Edition 2 ISO 540:2008 Edition 4 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 27B, South African committee for solid mineral fuels Test methods, in accordance with procedures of SABS Standar
6、ds Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in September 2008. This SANS document supersedes SANS 43:1995 (edition 1). Reference numberISO 540:2008(E)ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO540Fourth edition2008-06-01Hard coal and coke Determination o
7、f ash fusibility Houille et coke Dtermination de la fusibilit des cendres SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 540:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licen
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12、1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedSANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 540:2008(E) ISO 2008 A
13、ll rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Principle. 2 5 Reagents 2 6 Apparatus 2 7 Test conditions . 4 7.1 Test atmosphere . 4 7.2 Shape of test piece . 4 8 Calibration check 7 9 Preparation of the test piece .
14、 7 10 Procedure 7 11 Precision of the method. 8 11.1 Repeatability limit . 8 11.2 Reproducibility limit . 8 12 Test report . 8 13 Precision statement 9 Bibliography . 10 SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 540:2008
15、(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body in
16、terested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechni
17、cal Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the
18、 technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
19、 ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 540 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 5, Methods of analysis. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 540:1995), which has been technically
20、revised. SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 540:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vIntroduction The method for determination of the fusibility temperatures of coal ash and coke ash described in this Internation
21、al Standard provides information about the fusion and melting behaviour of the composite inorganic constituents of the ash at high temperatures. The standard method is based on the “Seger Cone” method, which is well known in the ceramic industry, the use of which predates the year 1900. The conditio
22、ns of the test, as well as basic studies on the influence of ash chemistry and of gas composition on ash fusibility temperatures (which have led to the standardization of the method), arose from the pioneering work of Fieldner, Hall and Field 1. In the laboratory, the ash used for the test is a homo
23、geneous mixture prepared from a representative sample of the coal or coke, and the determination is performed at a controlled rate of heating in either a reducing or an oxidizing atmosphere. In contrast, under industrial conditions, the complex processes of combustion and fusion involve heterogeneou
24、s mixtures of particles, heating rates (that can be several orders of magnitude greater than those used in the standard test) and variable gas composition. During the first quarter of the 20th century, laboratory, pilot-scale and field studies were undertaken to establish that the ash fusibility tes
25、t can provide a reasonable indication of the propensity of ash to form fused deposits (referred to as “clinker”) in stoker and other fuel-bed type furnaces (Nicholls and Selvig 2). Subsequently, the test has been used as a general indicator of the tendency for ash to fuse on heating and of ash slagg
26、ing propensity in pulverized coal-fired furnaces. SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .INTERNATIONAL
27、STANDARD ISO 540:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Hard coal and coke Determination of ash fusibility 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method of determining the characteristic fusion temperatures of ash from coal and coke. NOTE Descriptors: fossil fuels, solid fuels, ash, ashes, t
28、ests, high temperature tests, determination, and fusibility. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (
29、including any amendments) applies. ISO 1171, Solid mineral fuels Determination of ash 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 deformation temperature DT temperature at which the first signs of rounding, due to melting, of the tip or e
30、dges of the test piece occur NOTE Shrinkage or distortion of the test piece, or rounding of cracks and fins, are not criteria for deformation and should be ignored if the tip and edges remain sharp. However, for some solid mineral fuels, the temperature at which the test piece shrinkage begins can b
31、e of interest and should be reported as a feature noted during the determination. 3.2 sphere temperature ST in the case of pyramidal and truncated-cone test pieces, the temperature at which the height is equal to the width of the base, and in the case of cubical or cylindrical test pieces, the tempe
32、rature at which the edges of the test pieces become completely round with the height remaining unchanged 3.3 hemisphere temperature HT temperature at which the test piece forms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the height becomes equal to half the base diameter 3.4 flow temperature FT temperatur
33、e at which the ash melt is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is one-third of the height of the test piece at the hemisphere temperature SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO 540:2008
34、(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved4 Principle A test piece made from the ash is heated under standard conditions and continuously observed. The temperatures at which characteristic changes of shape occur are recorded. The characteristic temperatures are defined in Clause 3. (See also Figures 2, 3 an
35、d 4.) Although the determination is usually performed in a reducing atmosphere, additional information can sometimes be obtained by performing a further determination in an oxidizing atmosphere. In general, the reducing atmosphere in 7.1 gives the lowest characteristic temperatures. 5 Reagents 5.1 D
36、extrin, 100 g/l solution. Dissolve 10 g of dextrin in 100 ml of water. 5.2 Petroleum jelly. 5.3 Gold wire, of diameter 0,5 mm or larger, or gold plate, of thickness 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, with a purity of 99,99 % and a melting point of 1 064 C. 5.4 Nickel wire, of diameter 0,5 mm or larger, or nickel pla
37、te, of thickness 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm, with a purity of 99,9 % and a melting point of 1 455 C. 5.5 Palladium wire, of diameter 0,5 mm or larger, or palladium plate, of thickness 0,5 mm to 1,0 mm with a purity of 99,9 % and a melting point of 1 554 C. 5.6 Carbon dioxide. 5.7 Hydrogen or carbon monoxide.
38、6 Apparatus 6.1 Furnace, electrically heated, which satisfies the following conditions. a) It shall be capable of reaching the maximum temperature at which the properties of the ash are determined (a temperature of 1 500 C or more can be required). NOTE Some furnaces can have a practical upper opera
39、ting temperature, e.g. 1 480 or 1 540 C, due to the type of heating elements used in their manufacture. b) It shall provide an adequate zone of uniform temperature in which to heat the test piece(s). c) It shall provide means of heating the test piece(s) at a uniform rate from 815 C upwards. d) It s
40、hall be capable of maintaining the required test atmosphere (see 7.1) around the test piece(s). e) It shall provide a means of observing the change of shape of the test piece(s) during heating. It is recommended to provide a facility for inserting, between the end window of the furnace and the optic
41、al viewing instrument, a piece of cobalt-blue or similar glass to protect the retina of the operator from radiation emitted at elevated temperatures. 6.2 Pyrometer, comprised of a platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple. The thermocouple is positioned so that the thermo-junction is on the longitudina
42、l axis in the centre of the zone of uniform temperature. 6.3 Mould, of brass, stainless steel, or other suitable material, for preparing the test piece. (See example in Figure 1.) SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .IS
43、O 540:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 base plate 2 mould(s) Figure 1 An example of a mould that is suitable for making a pyramidal specimen SANS 43:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO
44、540:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved6.4 Support for the test piece, of such a material that the support does not either become distorted or react with or absorb the ash during the determination. Supports of sintered alumina or fine-textured mullite are generally satisfactory, but difficulties
45、can arise with individual ashes, in which case a non-absorbent interface such as platinum foil can be used between the original support and the test piece. 6.5 Flowmeters, two, for measuring the components of the reducing gases (see 7.1); it is not necessary to measure the flow rate when using an ox
46、idizing gas. If the flowmeter contains a liquid, this liquid shall be a non-volatile oil. 6.6 Agate mortar and pestle. 6.7 Test sieve, of aperture 0,075 mm (or less) and diameter of approximately either 100 mm or 200 mm, complete with lid and receiver. 6.8 Optical instrument, which enables the profi
47、le of the test piece to be observed throughout the determination. The relative dimensions of the profile can be conveniently assessed by using a graticule. Additional use of photographic equipment such as a camera or video equipment is optional but recommended. 7 Test conditions 7.1 Test atmosphere
48、The reducing atmosphere is obtained by introducing into the furnace one of the following mixtures of gases at a minimum linear rate of flow past the test piece of 400 mm/min, calculated at ambient room temperature; the rate is not critical, provided that it is sufficient to prevent any leakage of ai
49、r into the furnace: a) 55 volume % to 65 volume % carbon monoxide with 35 volume % to 45 volume % carbon dioxide; or b) 45 volume % to 55 volume % hydrogen with 45 volume % to 55 volume % carbon dioxide. NOTE 1 If a mixture of CO/CO2is used to produce the reducing atmosphere, ensure that the contents are totally mixed in accordance with manufacturers instructions and that the temperature of the cylinder is maintained above the critical temperature at which CO2can liquefy and separate. NOTE 2 Ashes rich in iron oxide can rea
