1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22034-1 SANS 18001:2008Edition 1 ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Information technology Radio frequency iden
4、tification for item management Application requirements profiles Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/IEC TR 18001:20
5、04 and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission. SANS 18001:2008 Edition 1 ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved b
6、y National Committee SABS SC 71K, Information technology Automatic identification and data capture techniques, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This SANS document was published in September 2008. Reference numberISO/IE
7、C TR 18001:2004(E)ISO/IEC 2004TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IECTR18001First edition2004-10-15Information technology Radio frequency identification for item management Application requirements profiles Technologies de linformation Identification par radiofrquence (RFID) pour la gestion dobjets Profils de cond
8、itions dapplication SANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or v
9、iewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability
10、in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitabl
11、e for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by an
12、y means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
13、copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reservedSANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword. v
14、 Introduction . vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 1 5 ARP survey and questionnaire 2 5.1 AIM Survey. 2 5.1.1 Application selection 2 5.1.2 Tag characteristics . 2 5.1.3 Application characteristics 2 5.2 ANSI MH 10/SC 8 . 3 5.3 Dortmund
15、 University. 3 6 ARP survey results and its analysis . 3 6.1 Classification of application 3 6.2 Operating range 4 6.3 Memory size. 5 6.4 Initial work for the first target application 5 6.4.1 Memory size 70 cm WORM Application: Waste (domestic), Baggage Handling Books / Videos (libraries) Container
16、Control 6.4.2 128 byte 70 cm Read / Write Application: Warehouse Logistics. Pallet Control (returnable plastic container) Asset tracking 7 Technical subjects for standardization (Common items for applications) Figure 2 The Principal of RF Tag Communications 7.1 The variation of operating range The r
17、eader/writer antenna transmits power and signals to the tags by propagated electromagnetic waves or inductive coupling, and tags emit the response signal to the reader/writer antenna. At inductive frequencies, the operating range (X, Y, Z directions) is affected to a greater extent by the antenna si
18、ze of the reader/writer and the antenna size of the tag, than are systems operating at UHF or microwave frequencies. The operating range when writing is less than reading due to current dissipation. The tags with battery cell have a greater operating range than tags without a battery cell. In genera
19、l, an extended operating range requires a significantly larger antenna for both the reader/writer and the tag. The interference level in the environment can also have a significant effect on operating range. Further, there are many factors that affect the operating range including tag orientation, o
20、verlap with other tags environmental noise, absorption, reflection, shadowing and the effects caused by the presence of metallic material etc. Signal Power XY TagSignal Reader/Writer AntennaSANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of
21、 the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved 77.1.1 Influence of tag orientation Contrasted to bar codes systems, RFID systems have an advantage of a wider operating range. Like bar codes, the RFID tags can be attached to various surfaces, e.g., the side of the container. Whe
22、n the orientation (polarization) of tag is changed, the operating range is changed. For example, the 90-degree change of orientation may cause the 20-100% deterioration of the operating range. These are shown in Figure 3. Reader/Writer Tag 1 Tag 2 Reader/Writer Tag 1 Tag 2 Figure 3 The Influence of
23、Tag Orientation Tags can be read from one side or from both sides, where the former type gives better reading range at a certain output power. If the tag cannot be oriented during the reading process, dual-sided reading adds value to the application. The tag can be freely oriented around the interro
24、gators radiation axis if circular polarization is used in the system. It is possible to read the tag horizontally as well as vertically, without consideration of how the interrogators are installed. The tag can be freely oriented in relation to the interrogator if circular polarization is used and i
25、f the tag is designed for omni-directional reading. This configuration is of value if the objects are completely unaligned, such as various items on a conveyor belt or where people use the tag for personal access and find it difficult to orient the tag in a special way. 7.1.2 Influence of overlap of
26、 inductive tags When the RFID tags are attached to the smaller size items, such as books or letters, the distance between tag to tag may become very short. For example, at inductive frequencies when the two tags are overlapped at 50% of the tag size, the operating range may be reduced by about 30% c
27、ompared to the case of one tag. The degree of reduction is different in each tag system, particularly for different carrier frequencies and tag size. The influence is caused by the variation of resonance frequency f0 that expressed in formula below, LCf210= SANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be
28、used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) 8 ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reservedL H:Inductance of tag antenna coil C F: Capacity of tags tuning capacitor Figure 4 The Influence of Tag Orientation 7.1.3 Influence of metallic materials In the R
29、FID tags system, if the tags are attached to the surface of metallic material, particularly ferrous material, the operating range is affected and in worst case tags cannot be accessed by reader/writer. The presence of liquids, which include ions in solution, affects operating range as well as metal.
30、 The influence of liquid presence increases with the frequency. The minimum distance between tag and metallic material should be required to ensure the access of tag. Note: “d” is the gap between tag and the metallic material Figure 5 The Influence of Metallic Material Reader/WriterAntenna one tag t
31、wo tags Operating Range Reader/Writer Tag Metallic dSANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved 97.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags In RFID systems, the re
32、ader/writer antenna may need to access moving tags. The communication time “TC“ between reader/writer and tags can be estimated, not considering the internal processing time of both the reader/writer and tag, as follows, The tag moves distance “L” at the velocity Vtag, in the operating range of the
33、reader/writer. TR is the time that the tag remains within the operating range of the reader/writer antenna field, would be estimated: For successful communications, TR= (TC + Tdct) is required Figure 6 Access Time Variation If multiple tag access is required, and the number of tags is “ Ntag“, then
34、TR (sec): time within the operating range TC (sec): communication time between reader/writer and tag Dr (bps): data transmission rate where reading rate = writing rate DC (bit): data capacity of communications ACN (times): average communication time between reader/writer and tag Vtag (m/sec): veloci
35、ty of tag L (m): distance the tag moves through the operating range Ntag: number of tags Tdct (sec): maximum time to detect a tag The access time of each tag is a function of the capacity of data for communication. The total access time for all tags within the operating range is a function of the nu
36、mber of tags within the operating range and the data capacity of communications. Tc =DcDr ACNTR (TC+ Tdct) NtagVtagLTR =Reader/ Writer Antenna Operating Range Velocity Tag X Y SANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO
37、/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) 10 ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reservedTo design a sorting system using RFID tags, the following conditions should be considered: Number of tags within the operating range. Access time of each tag. Operating range of reader/writer antenna and orientation insensitive design of tags
38、and-or reader/writer antenna. Velocity of the tags (equal to the velocity of the conveyor). Since these conditions can vary in individual applications, those integrating the RFID system should ensure that the end users understand these the variations of RF tag access time. 7.3 Detecting and reading
39、numerous tags from significant distances Anti-collision devices work efficiently meaning a low probability of missing detection and time of identification compatible with present duration of items in reading field when the number of items remains low enough. In other words, multi-items identificatio
40、n as defined in Normalization works is well fitted to sequential needs (simultaneous shift of few items in detection field). Another approach of multi-items identification was extended to solve problems generated by simultaneous presence of very numerous items forming a large volume. In order to sha
41、rpen the application profile, identification of a hundred of any sized items, located in hazardous positions, forming a few cubic meter volume: as example, a pallet filled up with cardboard boxes, bottles, non-metallic supply caddies, postal bags, hostel-linen bags and so on. The main technologic so
42、lutions elected are directly issued from the application profiles definition. First, about frequency carrier selection. Many physical features must be taken in account: Size of identification volume. Radio Frequency Noise regulations. Antennas coupling, first within reader and tags, and then within
43、close tags. Physical characteristics of items to be identified: liquids, solids, diamagnetic metallic conductors and so on. Technological build up feasibility. The above may determine the minimum and maximum values for magnetic induction within reader and tags and to select low frequency carriers (b
44、elow 135 kHz) rather than High Frequencies (13,56 MHz). Secondly, the completely random positioning of items to be identified enforces specific technical issues: Tags may be affixed to items and positioned in any angle to the readers antenna axis. So, in order to get acceptable magnetic coupling, re
45、ader antennas are multi-axes antennas. Tags may be very close to each other, like stamps on letters in postal bags, stacked, like casino chips, head to tail, and so on. Thus, magnetic coupling within tag can induce fading in a readers receptor, and mutual inductance between two close tags can rise t
46、o double, making uncertain a good tuning of tags antennas on back frequency carrier. SANS 18001:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E) ISO/IEC 2004 All rights reserved 11These observations provide two imp
47、ortant technological features First, tags do not respond to the resonance frequency of their antenna coils and return signals will not realize any Q-Factor benefit. Second, signals emitted by tags may be fully synchronized and carefully set in the same phase to prevent fading. Communication between
48、reader and tags is able to become more simplified by above design. The reader sends requests to tags and all tags are answering in a manner in which each tags response is added to the response of the tag population. So no complex anti-collision loops are needed to determine simultaneous tag response
49、s, and no anti-collision algorithms are needed, saving long duration multiple request and response communication between reader and tags. The saving in the duration of the process increases as the number of tags increases. In order to get the unique identification of each tag, a simple enumeration method is used, ensuring total reliability. The communication algorithms determines, element by element, the tags UID by simultaneous interrogation of all tags present in active volume. The
