1、Integrated Vehicle Health Management Perspectives on an Emerging Field Edited by Ian K. Jennions SAE International Integrated Vehicle Health Management Perspectives on an Emerging Field R-405.indb 1 9/1/11 2:09 PMOther SAE books of interest: The Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and Astronautical E
2、ngineers By Mark Davies (Product Code: R-328) Aircraft Maintenance By Bruce R. Aubin (Product Code: T-115) Fly-By-Wire By Vernon R. Schmitt, Gavin D. Jenney, James W. Morris (Product Code: R-225) For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale
3、, PA 15096-0001, USA; phone 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; email CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/books.sae.org. R-405.indb 2 9/1/11 2:09 PMIntegrated Vehicle Health Management Perspectives on an Emerging Field Edited by Ian K. J
4、ennions Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA R-405.indb 3 9/1/11 2:09 PM Copyright 2011 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-6460-5400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyr
5、ight 2011 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Com
6、monwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-6432-2 Library of Congress Catalog Number 2011934859 SAE Order Number R-405 DOI 10.4271/R-405 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International fr
7、om sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this inform
8、ation. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. To purcha
9、se bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at http:/books.sae.org R-405.indb 4 9/1/11 2:09 PMV Table of Contents Acknowledgments
10、Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Ian K. Jennions, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Definition .3 1.3 Technology .3 1.4 Business Propositions .4 1.5 Framework .5 1.6 Book Structure .7 Chapter 2 The Development of Maintenance and the Role of Integrated Vehicle Health Management . 9 Charl
11、ie Dibsdale, Optimized Systems and Solutions (OSyS) 2.1 Setting the Context for Maintenance and IVHM .10 2.2 Early History of Maintenance . 11 2.3 Emergence of Planned, Preventative Maintenance .12 2.4 Emergence of Reliability-Centered Maintenance .12 2.5 Emergence of the Information Revolution 13 2
12、.6 Changing Business Models OEM Aftermarket Services 14 2.7 Emergence of IVHM .15 Chapter 3 An Introduction to Integrated Vehicle Health Management A Perspective from Literature . 17 Louis Redding, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University 3.1 Introduction and Definition 18 3.2 IVHM at the Product Level .19
13、 3.3 Operation of a Typical IVHM System 20 3.4 Applications of IVHM 21 3.5 IVHM-enabled Logistics and Inventory Supply 22 3.6 Conclusion .24 R-405.indb 5 9/1/11 2:09 PMVI Chapter 4 The Business Value of Implementing Integrated Vehicle Health Management .27 Chris Pomfret, Treble One LLC; Ian K. Jenni
14、ons, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University; Charlie Dibsdale, Optimized Systems and Solutions (OSyS) 4.1 Introduction .28 4.2 The Motivation for Installing an IVHM System.28 4.3 Deriving Benefit from an IVHM System .33 4.4 Building the Cost-Benefit Analysis to Justify Implementation 38 4.5 Success Stori
15、es .39 4.6 Challenges to IVHM Implementation .40 Chapter 5 Health Management Systems Engineering 41 Timothy J. Wilmering, The Boeing Company; Paul Davies, Thales 5.1 Overview 42 5.2 The Application of Systems Principles to Health Management Systems .42 5.3 Systems Engineering, Dependability, and Hea
16、lth Management .45 5.4 The Integrated Vehicle Health Management System Lifecycle45 5.5 Evaluating the Effects of Health Management Systems .52 5.6 Acknowledgments 53 Chapter 6 Basic Principles.55 George Vachtsevanos, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kai
17、 Goebel, NASA Ames Research Center 6.1 Introduction .56 6.2 The OSA-CBM Framework .56 6.3 An Integrating IVHM Architecture 57 6.4 Sensing and Data Processing 59 6.5 Diagnostics and Prognostics .63 6.6 Performance Metrics 63 6.7 Database Management .63 6.8 Closing Thoughts 64 Contents R-405.indb 6 9/
18、1/11 2:09 PMVII Chapter 7 Algorithms and Their Impact on Integrated Vehicle Health Management 67 Kai Goebel, NASA Ames Research Center; George Vachtsevanos, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology 7.1 Introduction .68 7.2 Abnormal Condition Detection 69 7.3 Dia
19、gnostics.70 7.4 Prognostics .71 7.5 Contingency Management 72 7.6 Closing Thoughts 75 Chapter 8 Design Tools and Toolkits 77 Assaad Krichene, Impact Technologies, LLC; Michael J. Roemer, Impact Technologies, LLC 8.1 Introduction .78 8.2 Functions and Failures .78 8.3 Failure Mode and Subsystem Inter
20、actions 79 8.4 Functional Architecture .80 8.5 Sensor Selection and Placement .81 8.6 Fault Reachability, Diagnosability, and Coverage Analysis .84 8.7 Reasoning .86 Chapter 9 Structural Health Monitoring and Management .89 Peter Foote, BAE Systems 9.1 What Is Structural Health Monitoring and Manage
21、ment And Why Is It Needed? .90 9.2 Current Approaches to Ensure Integrity .91 9.3 Structural Health Monitoring Sensors and Systems94 9.4 SHM in an IVHM Context .96 Chapter 10 Vehicle-Level Reasoning Systems: Integrating System-Wide Data to Estimate the Instantaneous Health State 99 Ashok N. Srivasta
22、va, NASA Ames Research Center; Dinkar Mylaraswamy, Honeywell International Inc. Aerospace AT; Robert W. Mah, NASA Ames Research Center; Eric G. Cooper, NASA Langley Research Center 10.1 Introduction .100 10.2 Background 100 10.3 Scope of Vehicle-Level Reasoning Technologies 101 10.4 Real-Life Applic
23、ation .105 10.5 VLRS and Its Potential Safety Impact: an Example .107 10.6 Verification and Validation Issues 109 10.7 Conclusions . 110 Contents R-405.indb 7 9/1/11 2:09 PMVIII Chapter 11 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Operations Rooms.113 Charlie Dibsdale, Optimized Systems and Solutions (OS
24、yS) 11.1 The Motivation for an Operations Room 114 11.2 Resource Optimization 116 11.3 Shared Situational Awareness . 116 11.4 The Importance of Data and Data Management 116 11.5 Data, Information, and Knowledge .120 11.6 Knowledge, Knowledge Management, and Why They Are Important in IVHM 120 11.7 C
25、entralization Versus Distribution.122 11.8 The Future 122 Chapter 12 IHUMS and Real Results: A Case Study from the UK .125 Steve Parker, Meggitt PLC 12.1 Introduction .126 12.2 Background 126 12.3 IHUMS Approach .128 12.4 Airborne Equipment 130 12.5 Ground Equipment 133 12.6 Data Processing and Anal
26、ysis .133 12.7 IHUMS Operation in Service 137 12.8 HUMS Effectiveness .138 12.9 Future Trends 139 Chapter 13 Future Directions and Issues 141 Ian K. Jennions, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University Conclusions 147 Ian K. Jennions, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University Appendix Acronyms and Definitions .151 T
27、imothy J. Wilmering, The Boeing Company Index 159 About the Authors .171 Contents R-405.indb 8 9/1/11 2:09 PMIX Acknowledgments Converging knowledge from multiple areas of expertise into a coherent body of work is no trivial task. It takes time, effort, and a great deal of work for consensus to be a
28、chieved, agreement on best practices to be arrived at, and a common “language” to be agreed upon. The title “Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field,” published by SAE International, is unique and groundbreaking, as it brings together the views of no less than sixteen
29、 authors. Experts in their fields and geographically dispersed, they intensely collaborated so this project could be made available in record time. The group, under the leadership of Ian K. Jennions, Director of the IVHM Centre of Cranfield University (UK), withstood the challenges of brutal deadlin
30、es. The vision for this endeavor was never lost; the book should be born because the markets had shown a need for it. The teamwork established among the contributors demonstrated in practice how vital it is to get the right mix in place: competence, respect for each others work, and the will to do i
31、t again and again. “Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field” is intended for those who are interested in technical and business perspectives, explained in practical terms. Conceptual in nature, the title addresses the basics of this new area as well as some more advan
32、ced aspects of it. The authors share not only their research but also their real-life experiences on specific topics in chapters written with the non-technical reader in mind. Their views sometimes differ, as it would be expected when dealing with almost unchartered territory. Yet, their conclusion
33、is the same: Integrated Vehicle Health Management is an invaluable new paradigm when applied appropriately. Here are the authors. A list of their pictures and biographies can be found in the end of the book. Ashok N. Srivastava, NASA Ames Research Center Assaad Krichene, Impact Technologies, LLC Cha
34、rlie Dibsdale, Optimized Systems and Solutions (OSyS) Chris Pomfret, Treble One LLC Dinkar Mylaraswamy, Honeywell International Inc. Eric G. Cooper, NASA Langley Research Center George Vachtsevanos, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Ian K. Jennions, IVHM
35、Centre, Cranfield University Kai Goebel, NASA Ames Research Center Louis Redding, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University Michael J. Roemer, Impact Technologies, LLC Paul Davies, Thales Peter Foote, BAE Systems Robert W. Mah, NASA Ames Research Center Steve Parker, Meggitt PLC Timothy J. Wilmering, The Bo
36、eing Company R-405.indb 9 9/1/11 2:09 PMX The work of the reviewers was fundamentally important to ensure that content was valid, useful, and easy to understand. To them, our deepest gratitude: Andy Hall, UK Ministry of Defence Chip Queitzsch, FAA Dave Kinney, The Boeing Company David Followell, The
37、 Boeing Company Ian Campbell, Meggitt PLC Ian Jennions, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University Jacek Stecki, PHM Technology Keith Jackson, Rolls-Royce Kirby Keller, The Boeing Company Lucas Puttini, Embraer Merv Floyd, Meggitt PLC Peter Foote, BAE Systems Rhonda Walthall, Hamilton Sundstrand Richard Grea
38、ves, Meggitt PLC Seth Kessler, Metis Design Sonia Vohnout, Ridgetop Group Our goal is to continue to expand SAEs contribution to the field of Integrated Vehicle Health Management, as we believe its value will become even more evident over time. We hope the readers will find this title a good way to
39、get acquainted with IVHM and support its implementation wherever it can be technically helpful and economically viable. SAE International Acknowledgments R-405.indb 10 9/1/11 2:09 PM1 You cant stay in your corner of the forest waiting for others to come to you. You have to go to them sometimes. Winn
40、ie the Pooh, A. A. Milne “ “CHAPTER 1 Introduction Ian K. Jennions IVHM Centre, Cranfield University R-405.indb 1 9/1/11 2:09 PM2 Integrated Vehicle Health Management 1.1 Background SAE International formed an IVHM (Integrated Vehicle Health Management) Steering Group in the fall of 2010. The idea h
41、ad been some time in the making and reflected the large number of groups within SAEs organization that deal with health management of systems or subsystems (but without the integrated, holistic view of the vehicle asset or fleet): S-18: Air craft and Systems Development and Safety Assessment E-32: A
42、er ospace Pr opulsion Systems Health Management G-1 1: Reliability , Maintainability / Supportability and Probabilistic Methods Group G-1 1 SHM: Str uctural Health Monitoring and Management S-12: Helicopter Powerplant AS-3: Fiber -Optics and Applied Photonics A-6: Aer ospace Actuation, Contr ol and
43、Fluid Power Systems Steering Group AE-5: Aer ospace Fuel, Oil and Oxidizer Systems Steering Group The newly formed group proceeded to organize an IVHM technical track for the SAE AeroTech meeting in Toulouse in October 2011 and also had the idea for a book on IVHM that could be handed out to partici
44、pants to promote engagement in this exciting new field. The book you are reading is the result of this idea. A modern rationale for IVHM comes from the transformation that a number of OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) have gone through, from selling a product in which future income is dependen
45、t on spare part revenue to selling a service in which steady monthly income can be derived in return for the effective maintenance of the asset. This change in the business model of a manufacturer is called servitization by some Vandermerwe and Rada 1988 and referred to as a PSS (Product Service Sys
46、tem) by others Tukker and Tischner 2006; Baines et al. 2007. IVHM is the underpinning technology that enables this to happen in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1.1 Tukker and Tischner, eds. 2006, for it is not a binary either/or situation but contains man
47、y subtleties between the extremes. Figure 1.1 The PSS Landscape. (Tukker and Tischner, eds., 2006). product Product Service System service Product Oriented Service Product Oriented Service Product Oriented Service Maintenance Repair Reuse Leasing Renting Sharing Pooling Knowledge Innovative System C
48、ar Taxi A maintenance contract Leasing a car A mobile card R-405.indb 2 9/1/11 2:09 PM3 Chapter 1 | Introduction At the product end of the spectrum, an OEM sells a car, making a profit, and then derives future income from spare part sales. The OEM has no real interest, beyond building reputation and
49、 prestige to retain customers, in how the vehicle is used. At the service end of the spectrum, the customer gets from point A to point B using a taxi. The customer has no financial interest in the asset and only pays for the provision of the service. The taxi company, which in some industrial cases could be the OEM, now has a vested interest in how the vehicle is used and its efficient and effective maintenance to maximize vehicle usage. The need for vehicle information, derived from raw data, for monitoring and management is met by IVHM. Rolls-Royc
