1、Jurgen PT-154 V2V/V2I Communications for Improved Road Safety and E ciency Edited by Ronald K. Jurgen PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGY SERIES PROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Millions of automobile accidents occur worldwide each year. Some of the most serious are rear-end crashes, side crashes within intersectio
2、ns, and crashes that occur when cars change lanes or drift into a lane. The holy grail of tra c safety is to avoid automobile accidents altogether. To that end, automakers, governments, and universities are working on systems that allow vehicles to communicate with one another as well as the surroun
3、ding infrastructure (V2V/V2I for short). These systems show promise for such functions as intersection assist, left-turn assist, do- not-pass warning, advance warning of a vehicle braking ahead, forward- collision warning, and blind-spot/lane- change warning. This compendium explores the challenges
4、in developing these systems and provides the latest developments in V2V/V2I technology. It begins with a series of overview news stories and articles from SAEs magazines on the progress in this technology. This is followed by a series of technical papers on V2V/V2I dealing with the many technical as
5、pects of design of these systems as well as discussions of such key issues as the need for extreme reliability assurances and tra c congestion overloads on the systems. This book has been specially prepared for engineers at automakers and electronic component suppliers; software engineers; computer
6、systems analysts and architects; academics and researchers within the electronics, computing, and automotive industries; legislators, managers and other decision-makers in the government highway sector; tra c safety professionals; and insurance and legal practitioners. About the editor After graduat
7、ing from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a B.E.E., Ronald K. Jurgen held various technical magazine editorial sta positions, including 30 years with IEEE Spectrum. Now retired, he is the editor of the Automotive Electronics Handbook and the Digital Consumer Electronics Handbook, and assistant
8、editor of the Electronics Engineers Handbook, Fourth Edition. He is also the editor of more than a dozen SAE books on automotive electronics. Edited by Ronald K. Jurgen V2V/V2I Communications for Improved Road Safety and E ciency V2V/V2I Communications for Improved Road Safety and E ciencyV2V/V2I Co
9、mmunications for Improved Road Safety and EfficiencyOther SAE books of interest: Automotive E/E Reliability By John Day (Product Code: T-126) Automotive Software Engineering By Joerg Schaeuffele and Thomas Zurawka (Product Code: R-361) Vehicle Multiplex Communication By Christopher A. Lupini (Produc
10、t Code: R-340) For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA phone 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; e-mail CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/books.sae.org.War
11、rendale, Pennsylvania, USA V2V/V2I Communications for Improved Road Safety and Efficiency Edited by Ronald K. Jurgen Copyright 2012 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-7805-3400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canad
12、a) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2012 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and
13、 licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-7725-4 Library of Congress Catalog Number 2012939984 SAE Order Number PT-154 DOI 10.4271/PT-154 Information contained
14、 in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors,
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17、on This book is dedicated to my friend Richard Keaton.Table of Contents Introduction New Driver Accident Avoidance Aids Are on the Way 3Ronald K. Jurgen, Editor Overviews On the Cusp of Connected Cars 7Steven Ashley BMW Demonstrates Left-Turn Drivers Aid 11Steven Ashley Safer Cars Talk to Each Other
18、 13Steven Ashley V2V, GPS Integration Could Improve Safety 15Terry Costlow Debating IntelliDrives Future 17Terry Costlow V2V and V2I Technical Papers An Autonomous and Car-Following System via DSRC Communication (2012-01-0741) 21Chan Wei Hsu, Ming Kuan KO, Min Huai shih, and Shih Chieh Huang DSRC Pe
19、rformance Comparison with and without Antenna Diversity Using Different Transmission Power (2012-01-0491) 31Sue Bai and Radovan Miucic Reliability and Safety/Integrity Analysis for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Wireless Communication (2011-01-1045) 43Arkadeb Ghosal, Fan Bai, Rami Debouk, and Haibo Zeng Multi-S
20、ensor System for Vehicle Positioning in Dense Urban Areas (2011-01-1035) 53Zeljko Popovic, Andrey Soloviev, and Yutaka Mochizuki Vehicle Safety Communications Applications: Multiple On-Board Equipment Testing (2011-01-0586) 79Farid Ahmed-Zaid, Hariharan Krishnan, Michael Maile, Lorenzo Caminiti, Sue
21、 Bai, Joseph Stinnett, Steve VanSickle, and Drew Cunningham Understanding Driver Perceptions of a Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communication System Using a Test Track Demonstration (2011-01-0577) 95Christopher Edwards, Jon Hankey, Raymond Kiefer, Donald Grimm, and Nina Leask viiVehicle Safety Communicat
22、ions Applications: System Design suppliers Bosch and Con- tinental; German Telekom; several research institutions and uni- versities; as well as three government ministries. A 120-vehicle test fleet will begin six or seven months of field trials in the spring, said Christian Weiss, the project coord
23、inator and Manager of Cooperative Systems for the Research and Ad- vanced Development department at Daimler AG. Right now several passenger car modelsAudi A4, BMW X1, Mercedes Instrument panel displays under test by the simTD project in Germany will warn drivers of oncoming emergency vehicles and th
24、eir lanes. SAE International feature article reprinted from “Electonics + Connectivity”, Volume 1, Number 1 A car equipped with V2X wireless communications would automatically alert nearby vehicles if it should become disabled. Instrument panel displays under test by the simTD project in Germany wil
25、l warn drivers of oncoming emergency vehicles and their lanes. A car equipped with V2X wireless communications would automatically alert nearby vehicles if it should become disabled. 8 “Foremost for us is the safety benefit,” he explained. V2X provides the basis for all kinds of warnings of dangerou
26、s road conditions, traffic jams, construction sites and obstacles, and weather dangers. Crucially it can inform drivers early enough to allow them to adapt, to change their behaviors, to avoid haz- ards. The simTD system is to alert drivers of approaching emer- gency vehicles, display to drivers the
27、 right lane to take for the next turn, or advise on the optimum speed to catch a wave of green lights. “Its the only sensor that can let you know that there is a hard- braking vehicle right in front of that big truck thats just ahead,” Weiss said. Though some radars try to pass under vehicles, they
28、dont have the same potential, he said: “No other sensor can reliably warn you of whats going on just ahead of a truck.” Enhanced traffic management Traffic efficiency should improve as vehicles transmit informa- tion on traffic conditions to a control station, which can then predict and manage traff
29、ic developments, Weiss continued. “V2X technology would allow operators to get a current view of the state of the traffic.” Today, magnetic induction loops buried in the roadway or overhead video cameras can count traffic flow at hot spots, but they are expensive and few. Operators, he explained, ha
30、ve to guess whats happening in between sensors. “V2X provides an accurate view of whats happening on the road network, which allows you to adapt your traffic manage- ment strategy to improve capacity utilization, so as to avoid having to build new roads, which is a huge overall challenge,” he said.
31、Managers might alter the speeds on variable traffic signs to boost safety or traffic flow. And then there is the oppor- tunity to piggy-back all kinds of other local services onto the existing network, he noted. Concierge-level mobile services, such as parking space reserva- tions in garages, might
32、soon follow initial installation, for instance. Short-range wireless Whatever their name, V2V , V2I, V2X, or Car2X networks are based on heartbeat-like ve- hicle-status signals that transfer data over short ranges between transponders on vehicles and infrastructure. The simTDs ITS G5 wireless techno
33、logy, which is tailored to automotive applications, is based on the familiar WLAN standard. The hybrid system meshes the work- ings of the specially developed wireless vehicle communication standard 802.11p and UMTS mobile phone technology as well as ad hoc networking. This approach was chosen as th
34、e most promising because of its po- tential for favorable economies of scale, he said. For most applications, the messages are short, but they have to be delivered very rapidly in the tens of microseconds range. The signals only need to travel a maximum of 500 m (1640 ft). For longer distances, the
35、system uses multihopping technology. The wireless message either jumps to a roadside unit, which passes it on to following and oncoming vehicles. These then pass useful messages to others that they meet. SAE International feature article reprinted from “Electonics + Connectivity”, Volume 1, Number 1 The simTD field test near Frankfurt, Germany, will evaluate rapid local data transfer among vehicles and roadway infrastructure. A car fitted with V2X wireless communications will receive early warnings of nearby V2X vehicles that become disabled.
