1、 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J2894/2 MAR2015 Issued 2015-03 Power Quality Test Procedures for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers RATIONALE In 2011 SAE issued power quality requirements for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) chargers in response to rising sales of PEVs and concerns about their po
2、tential impact on utility systems and on other devices connected adjacent to them. Electrical power is delivered upon demand, and utility systems are impacted by demand, or power, and the duration of that demand. Distinctions must be made about real power, which does work, and apparent power, which
3、is the impact on the electrical system. The integration of transportation and the electric grid imposes concerns about not only serving demand and making sure that not only are existing deliveries made, but the additional load of vehicle chargers as well. Utilities must work to ensure reliability an
4、d quality of service. Computer equipment and controls are impacted negatively by distortions such as harmonics, so PEV chargers, like most all electronics, must limit potentially disruptive effects. In addition to impacts of equipment on the grid, the equipment itself must be reliable and effective
5、when presented with effects impressed upon it, as can occur with the wide variety of loads and conditions that could emerge on the modern grid. Therefore, criteria were established to ensure that PEV charging equipment could continue to operate after encountering such grid events. These recommendati
6、ons were presented in SAE J2894/1, Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers. This recommended practice provides the test procedures for measuring the criteria. Since the power quality recommended practice was issued, interest has emerged for measuring and regulating energy ef
7、ficiency of battery charging systems, on state and federal levels. Battery chargers have historically only been judged for efficiency instantaneously on a power conversion basis, as battery charging systems also include a battery, which is a variable energy reservoir, and a vehicle with auxiliary sy
8、stems and controls. However, recent efforts have established energy efficiency measurement methods based on a systems approach. With these methods, grid energy input is measured against useful output. As there is not yet clear direction on things like “allowable” auxiliary loads, this recommended pr
9、actice maintains the measurements in separate bins and provides suggested limits. FOREWORD With a growing and rapidly changing electric grid system, electrical equipment suppliers are being required to provide equipment which complies with increasingly stringent requirements. Environmental concerns,
10、 economics, and technology have combined to cause change and anticipated change in a short amount of time that is almost unprecedented. Similar forces that have led to PEVs have led to renewable energy sources, in both centralized generator form and as distributed power producers. The increased load
11、 on the system to fuel PEVs must be served by a more diverse, less consistent supply. SAE J2894/1 established a recommended practice for key parameters that are of concern to supply PEV charging systems. However, those key parameters cannot be used to communicate with manufacturers, suppliers, and e
12、nergy providers without a means for determining them. This Recommended Practice provides those means. _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its
13、 applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your wri
14、tten comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permi
15、ssion of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org
16、/technical/standards/J2894/2_201503 SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 2 of 36 The information presented in this Recommended Practice may be used by charging system designers, PEV designers, managers of charger development programs, and electric utilities. NOTE: This SAE Recommended Pract
17、ice is intended as a standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. NOTE: This SAE Recommended Practice involves testing procedures that may present potential safety hazards. For safety instructions refer to local, state, and federal regulations inclu
18、ding, but not limited to, OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910 subpart S. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE . 3 2. REFERENCES . 5 2.1 Applicable Documents 5 2.2 Other Publications 6 3. DEFINITIONS . 6 3.1 SAE J2894/1 Definitions Listed for Reference . 6 3.2 Additional Definitions 7 4. PROCEDURES 8 4.1 Instrumentation
19、 . 8 4.2 Uncertainty Requirements 9 4.3 Test Guidelines . 9 4.4 Test Setup 10 4.5 Charger Power Quality Test . 11 4.6 AC Service Event Test . 16 4.7 Energy Efficiency Measurements . 23 5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS 26 6. DATA SHEET . 27 7. TEST FLOW CHART 35 8. NOTES . 36 8.1 Marginal Indicia 36 F
20、igure 1 Power quality system boundary (on-board charger) . 3 Figure 2 Power quality system boundary (off-board) . 4 Figure 3 Power quality EVSE system boundary (with test tool) 4 Figure 4 Sample AC charging profile . 12 Figure 5 Sample power conversion efficiency curve . 12 Figure 6 Diagram of syste
21、m setup . 17 Figure 7 Voltage range variation test . 18 Figure 8 Voltage swell test . 19 Figure 9 Voltage sag test . 20 Figure 10 Momentary outage test 20 Figure 11 Energy efficiency discharge system boundary 23 Table 1 Uncertainty requirements 9 Table 2 Resolution requirements 9 Table 3 Energy effi
22、ciency input power requirements . 11 Table 4 Example of test points for 240V on-board system . 17 Table 5 Frequency variation steps . 21 SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 3 of 36 1. SCOPE This recommended practice provides test procedures for evaluating PEV chargers for the parameters es
23、tablished in SAE J2894/1, Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers. In addition, this Recommended Practice provides procedures for evaluating EVSE/charger/battery/vehicle systems in terms of energy efficiency, which is a subset of power quality. This expansion of scope from J
24、2894/1 was requested by the stakeholders, and it provides relevance to the system level analyses that are current in state and federal processes. In accordance, the scope includes the energy storage system and the input and output of that system. In consideration of evaluation, a system boundary is
25、established. The system boundary defines the tested elements and the measurement points. The system boundary for most of the systems expected to be evaluated under this Recommended Practice is shown in Figure 1. In this system boundary the parts of the battery charging system that are included for e
26、valuation are the EVSE, the battery charger (BC), the system powering auxiliary loads, and the battery. It should be noted that this is a change from the original text of J2894/1, but it was essential for the purposes of system analysis to include all the elements, such as the EVSE, to evaluate effi
27、ciency and response to events. In terms of power quality and efficiency, the effects of this change should be minor. Note that no distinction is made about the battery or the auxiliary loads, which may include fans, chillers, or other thermal management devices. Note that some systems may require mu
28、ltiple measurement points to capture all auxiliary loads. Figure 1 Power quality system boundary (on-board charger) Figure 2 shows the system boundary for an off-board charging system. System Under Test Meter GRID EVSE Battery PackVehicle Charger EVSE & Charger - System Under Test (On board charger)
29、 AC monitoring Auxiliary Loads DC monitoring SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 4 of 36 Figure 2 Power quality system boundary (off-board) Figure 3 shows the special case of an EVSE under test with a testing tool. Figure 3 Power quality EVSE system boundary (with test tool) Note that all
30、systems include an EVSE device. EVSE devices can introduce variance in test results. Therefore, all system test results must be recorded for, and are only valid for the tested combinations. Charger & EVSE System Under Test Meter GRID Vehicle EVSE & Charger - System Under Test (Off board charger) AC
31、monitoring Battery Pack Auxiliary Loads DC monitoring System Under Test Meter GRID EVSE Test Tool EVSE - System Under Test (Test Tool) AC monitoring AC monitoring Load Bank DC monitoring SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 5 of 36 Auxiliary loads include all of the separable electrical loa
32、ds on the vehicle while charging and discharging that are necessary for safe and effective operation and sufficient battery life, but are separate from energy going into the battery that later does work. Examples of auxiliary loads: Control modules Active battery cooling and heating system component
33、s Data systems or telematics Cabin comfort systems o Cooling o Heating 12V system support (charging auxiliary, or starting, battery) 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the lat
34、est issue of SAE publications shall apply. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J1772 SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehi
35、cle Conductive Charge Coupler SAE J2894/1 Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers 2.1.2 International Electrotechnical Commission Publications Available from IEC, 3 rue de Varemb, PO Box 131, CH 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland, Tel: 41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch IEC 61000-4-5 Inter
36、national Electrotechnical Commission, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques Surge immunity test, IEC 61000-4-5, Edition 2.0, 2005-11. IEC 61000-3-2 Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions IEC 61000-3-3 Limits for Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker IEC 61000-4-4
37、Electrical Fast Transient/ Burst Immunity IEC 61000-4-5 Surge Immunity IEC 61000-4-11 Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and Voltage Variation Immunity IEC 61000-4-13 Harmonics and Interharmonics Immunity IEC 61000-4-14 Voltage Fluctuation Immunity IEC 61000-4-28 Variation of Power Frequency Immunity
38、 IEC 62301 Household electrical appliances Measurement of standby power SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 6 of 36 2.1.3 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Publications Available from NEMA, 1300 North 17th Street Suite 1752 Rosslyn, VA 22209, Tel: 1-703-841-3200 National Electr
39、ic Code (NEC), 2011 revision 2.1.4 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Publications Available from Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 1-847-272-8800, UL 2231-1 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: General Requirements UL
40、 2231-2 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: Particular Requirements for Protection Devices for Use in Charging Systems UL 2202 Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment 2.2 Other Publications USABC Electric Vehicle Battery Test Procedures Manual, Rev. 2, (DO
41、E/ID-10479, Rev. 2, Jan. 1996) Energy Efficiency Battery Charger System Test Procedure, Version 2.2, November 12, 2008, CEC, Part 2 Test Procedures for Battery Chargers and External Power Supplies, 10 CFR Part 430, 1JUN2011 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 SAE J2894/1 Definitions Listed for Reference 3.1.1 AC Lev
42、el 1 Charging 3.1.2 AC Level 2 Charging 3.1.3 Charger 3.1.4 Charger Isolated 3.1.5 Charger Non Isolated 3.1.6 Charger Inductively Coupled 3.1.7 DC Charging 3.1.8 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) 3.1.9 Frequency Variation 3.1.10 Momentary Outage 3.1.11 On-Board Charger 3.1.12 Off-board charge
43、r 3.1.13 Voltage range SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 7 of 36 3.1.14 Voltage sag 3.1.15 Voltage surge (Transient) 3.1.16 Voltage swell 3.2 Additional Definitions 3.2.1 Active mode Active mode is defined by the state when all of the following are true: a. Power is being supplied to the
44、 battery charging system by the utility b. The battery charger is supplying power to the battery c. The effect of power supply is to change the battery state of charge (SOC) from a lower SOC to a higher SOC 3.2.2 Battery maintenance mode Maintenance mode is defined by the conditions of: a. Power is
45、being supplied to the battery charging system by the utility b. Active mode has been completed but the connections maintained Maintenance mode may be characterized by continuous or periodic power delivery periods, the purpose of which is to compensate for self-discharge, provide thermal management,
46、perform system checks, or other maintenance activities. This recommended practice measures maintenance mode over 72 hours. 3.2.3 Charge return factor The ratio of the Ah delivered to the battery during the recharge cycle to the Ah delivered by the battery during the discharge cycle. 3.2.4 Energy ret
47、urn ratio (ERR) The energy input into the system to restore it to the state preceding a standard battery discharge (which could have provided work) divided by the energy delivered by the battery discharge. The inverse of this ratio is a measure of a type of system energy efficiency. = 3.2.5 No-batte
48、ry energy The energy consumed by the battery charging system when in no-battery mode. 3.2.6 No-battery mode No-battery mode is defined by the conditions of: a. Power is being supplied to the battery charging system b. The part of the system containing the battery has been disconnected An example of an on-board system would be an EVSE, powered but with no PEV connected and an example of an off- board system would be a fast charger, powered, but with no PEV connected. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2894/2 Issued MAR2015 Page 8 of 36 3.2.7 Off mode Off mode is defined by the condition that the entire syst
