1、_ 6$(7HFKQLFDO6WDQGDUGV%RDUG5XOHVSURYLGHWKDW7KLVUHSRUWLVSXEOLVKHGE6$(WRDGYDQFHWKHVWDWHRIWHFKQLFDO and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising tKHUHIURPLVWKHVROHUHVSRQVL
2、ELOLWRIWKHXVHU SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, st
3、ored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-079
4、0 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2730_201309 SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J2730 SEP2013 Issued 2006-08 Reaffirmed 2013-09 Superseding J27
5、30 AUG2006 Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined Cleats RATIONALE J2730 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Scope 2 2. References 2 2.1 Applicable Publications . 2 3. Definitions . 3 3.1 The Parallel Axis Tire Coordinate System 3 3.2
6、The Tire Forces and Moments 4 3.3 Travel Distances . 6 3.4 Test . 6 3.5 Test Program 6 4. Nomenclature 6 5. Laboratory Quality System Requirement 6 6. Apparatus 7 6.1 Environmental Vibration and Isolation 7 6.2 Loading System 15 6.3 Measuring System 15 6.4 Data Acquisition 17 6.5 Test Surface 17 6.6
7、 Test Cleats 18 6.7 Test Space 19 7. Calibration . 19 8. Preparation of Apparatus 19 9. Selection and Preparation of Test Tires 19 9.1 Selection of Tires for Good Comparability 19 9.2 Inflation Pressure 19 SAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 2 of 23 9.3 Tire Preparation 20 9.4 Sample Siz
8、e 20 10. Test Procedure 20 10.1 Tire Mounting 20 10.2 Loaded Radius Determination 20 10.3 Test Speeds 20 10.4 Test . 21 11. Data Processing and Reporting 21 12. Data Repeatability and Reproducibility . 23 Figure 1 The SAE Parallel Axis System 4 Figure 2 SAE Parallel Axis System Forces and Moments 5
9、Figure 3 Test Machine Schematic . 7 Figure 4 Illustration of the Amplitude Effect of a Machine Resonance . 8 Figure 5 Illustration of the Phase Effect of a Machine Resonance . 9 Figure 6 Inputting an FImpulse with a Modal Hammer 10 Figure 7 Inputting an FXImpulse with a Modal Hammer 10 Figure 8 Inpu
10、tting an FZImpulse with a Modal Hammer 11 Figure 9 Inputting both Fand M;Impulses with a Modal Hammer 11 Figure 10 Inputting both Fand MZImpulses with a Modal Hammer 12 Figure 11 Inputting an FImpulse into the Back Path with a Modal Hammer . 13 Figure 12 Inputting an FXImpulse into the Back Path wit
11、h a Modal Hammer . 13 Figure 13 Inputting an FZImpulse into the Back Path with a Modal Hammer 14 Figure 14 Inputting both Fand MZ Impulses into the Back Path with a Modal Hammer 14 Figure 15 Inputting both Fand MX Impulses into the Back Path with a Modal Hammer 15 Figure 16 Cross Sectional View of M
12、ounted 90 Cleat . 18 Figure 17 Example Data for Two Channels 22 Table 1 Symbols Defined . 6 Table 2 Minimum Load Cell Capacities Based on Force and Moment 16 Table 3 Load Cell Capacity Example . 17 Table 4 Data File Layout . 22 1. SCOPE This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measu
13、ring the forces and moments generated at a high frequency response spindle when a rolling tire impacts a cleat. The cleat is configured either with its crest perpendicular, 90, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which th
14、e spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition so as to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides impact force and moment time histories essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformit
15、ies. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and develop
16、ment. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular surfaces, paved or otherwise. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the road or terrain surface are not considered. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Publ
17、ications The following publications form part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated the latest revisions of all publications shall apply. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 3 of 23 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Driv
18、e, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J2047 Tire Performance Technology SAE J2429 Free-Rolling Cornering Test for Truck and Bus Tires SAE J2710 Modal Testing and Identification of Lower Order Tire Natural Frequencies o
19、f Radial Tires SAE J2717 Tests to Define Tire Size (Geometry), Mass and Inertias SAE 2001-01-0790 Dynamic Force Measurement System (DFMS) for Tires, G. R. Potts and E. F. Knuth, 2001 SAE 770870 The Effect of Tire Break-in on Force and Moment Properties, K. D. Marshall, R. L. Phelps, M. G. Pottinger,
20、 and W. Pelz, 1977 SAE 810066 The Effect of Aging on Force and Moment Properties of Radial Tires, M. G. Pottinger and K. D. Marshall 2.1.2 Rubber Manufacturers Association Publication Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1400 K Street, NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, Tel: 202-682-48
21、00, www.rma.org. OSHA Standard 1910.177 Servicing Multi-piece and Single Piece Rim Wheels (available in wall chart form as #TTMP7/95) 2.1.3 ISO Publication Available from ANSI, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ISO Standard 17025 General Requirements for
22、the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories 3. DEFINITIONS The definitions that follow are of special meaning in this document and are either not contained in other Recommended Practices or are worded somewhat differently in this practice. 3.1 The Parallel Axis Tire Coordinate System This
23、 system is the one defined in SAE J2710 extended to allow tire rotation. The loaded tire for the purpose of this document is defined as a tire/wheel assembly attached to the spindle. The spindle is considered to be substantially rigidly supported in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions
24、1. The tire is free to rotate about the spindle. The tire is loaded in contact with the reaction (test machine) surface so as to produce a tire footprint. The principal directions are defined in terms of a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system with its origin at the intersection of the spindle an
25、d the wheel plane. The three axes are defined as follows and illustrated in Figure 1. 1The vertical direction is sometimes referred to as the normal or radial direction dependent on the context. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 4 of 23 FIGURE 1 - THE SAE PARALLEL AXIS SYSTEM 3.1.1 3DU
26、DOOHO6VWHP/RQJLWXGLQDO$LV; 7KHSDUDOOHOVVWHPORQJLWXGLQDODLVLVSDUDOOHOWRWKH6$(; Axis as defined in SAE J2047. It is positive in the direction of rolling as indicated in Figure 1. 3.1.2 3DUDOOHO6VWHP/DWHUDO$LV 7KHSDUDOOHOVVWHPODWHUDODLVLVSDUDOOHOWRWKH6$( Axis as defined in SAE J2047. Its positive sense
27、 is to the right as viewed from behind the =3ODQH NOTE: ,QWKHFDVHRIDWLUHZLWKRXWLQFOLQDWLRQDVDVVXPHGLQWKLVGRFXPHQWOLHVDORQJWKHVSLQGOHFHQWHUOLQHZLWKDpositive sense to the right. 3.1.3 3DUDOOHO6VWHP9HUWLFDO$LV= The parallel system vertical axis is perpendicular to the road plane with a positive sense i
28、nto the road surface. It is SDUDOOHOWRWKH6$(= Axis as defined in SAE J2047, but the origin of the vertical axis is at the center of the tire not at the road surface. NOTE: The tire is assumed to have no inclinatiRQLQWKLVGRFXPHQWLQZKLFKFDVH=OLHVLQWKHZKHHOSODQH 3.1.4 Spin Velocity, Z The tire spin vel
29、ocity LVDERXWWKHVSLQGOHZKLFKLVFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKH Axis in the case considered in this document. 3.2 The Tire Forces and Moments In this document, the forces and moments originate at the origin of the double primed axis system. They are shown in Figure 2 and are defined below. They are considered as be
30、ing forces and moments applied to the spindle by the vibrating tire/wheel assembly. After this section and use in Table 1, these forces and moments are simply referred to as tire forces and moments. This is done for reasons of simplicity. In the definitions, these forces and moments are named to cle
31、arly associate them with the parallel axis system. These are the only forces and moments under discussion in this document. ;=SpindleZSAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 5 of 23 FIGURE 2 - SAE PARALLEL AXIS SYSTEM FORCES AND MOMENTS 3.2.1 Parallel Axis Longitudinal Force, F7KHSDUDOOHODLV
32、ORQJLWXGLQDOIRUFHLVDORQJWKH;$LV,W LVSRVLWLYHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSRVLWLYH; Axis. The force acts from the tire onto the spindle. 3.2.2 Parallel Axis Lateral Force, F7KHSDUDOOHODLVODWHUDOIRUFHLVDORQJWKH $LV,WLVSRVLWLYHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSRVLWLYH Axis. The force acts from the tire onto the spindle. 3.2.3
33、 Parallel Axis Normal Force, FThe parallel axis normal force is alonJWKH=$LV,WLVSRVLWLYHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSRVLWLYH = Axis. The force acts from the tire onto the spindle. 3.2.4 Parallel Axis Overturning Moment, M7KHSDUDOOHODLVRYHUWXUQLQJPRPHQWLVDERXWWKH; Axis. It is positive clockwise about the posL
34、WLYHEUDQFKRIWKH;Axis. The moment acts from the tire onto the spindle. 3.2.5 Parallel Axis Rolling Resistance Moment, M7KHSDUDOOHODLVUROOLQJUHVLVWDQFHPRPHQWLVDERXWWKH Axis. It is positive clockwise about the positive branch of the Axis. The moment acts from the tire onto the spindle.23.2.6 Parallel A
35、xis Aligning Moment, MZ7KHSDUDOOHODLVDOLJQLQJPRPHQWLVDERXWWKH=$LV,WLV SRVLWLYHFORFNZLVHDERXWWKHSRVLWLYHEUDQFKRIWKH= Axis. The moment acts from the tire onto the spindle. 2The rolling resistance moment is included for completeness, but is neither measured nor utilized in this document. FXFYFZSpindleM
36、XMYMZSAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 6 of 23 3.3 Travel Distances 3.3.1 Angular Displacement of the Tire, ) The angular displacement about the spindle defined to be zero at the instant the data acquisition trigger occurs. 3.4 Test A Test is execution of the procedure described in thi
37、s document one time on one tire at a single set of conditions. 3.5 Test Program A Test Program is a designed experiment involving a set of the tests described in this practice.34. NOMENCLATURE Table 1 lists the symbols used in this document. For further information on items not in Section 4 of this
38、practice please see SAE J2047. TABLE 1 - SYMBOLS DEFINED Symbol Defined TermF;Parallel System Longitudinal Force FParallel System Lateral Force F=Parallel System Normal Force ) Tire Angular Displacement M;Parallel System Overturning Moment MParallel System Rolling Resistance Moment M=Parallel System
39、 Aligning Moment p Inflation PressureRlTire Loaded Radius t TimeV Test VelocityZ Tire Spin Velocity : Test Roadway Spin Velocity 5. LABORATORY QUALITY-SYSTEM REQUIREMENT The laboratory performing the procedures specified in this document shall have a quality system either conforming to ISO 17025 or
40、which can be shown to be functionally equivalent to ISO 17025. The elements of such a system are assumed below and are not, therefore, specifically called out within this practice. 3There are many experimental possibilities: repeated tests of the same tire, tests of the same tire under multiple test
41、 conditions, tests of tires with different specifications (design details), application of this test as part of a series of different tests, etc. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2730 Reaffirmed SEP2013 Page 7 of 23 6. APPARATUS The required apparatus consists of a test machine with a round test surface capable o
42、f rolling test tires at the velocities defined in the test conditions, Section 10.3 Test Speeds. The test surface shall allow mounting of test cleats one at a time, as specified in this practice. The machine shall have an instrumented spindle capable of measuring three forces (F;, F, and F=) and two
43、 moments (M;and MZ) developed during tire impact with a test cleat. The instrumentation also measures tire angular displacement, ) using absolute encoders. Figure 3 is a schematic of such a machine. Appropriate data-acquisition equipment is considered to be part of the apparatus. The space housing t
44、he loading machine is also considered to be part of the apparatus. Vibration initiated by the tire/cleat impact process and outside sources is so important in this document that vibration requirements are discussed explicitly in Section 6.1, the first subsection in this part of the practice. FIGURE 3 - TEST MACHINE SCHEMATIC46.1 Environm
