1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT
3、 ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1989 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001STANDARDSubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ465RE
4、AF.JAN89Issued Jan. 1940Reaffirmed Jan. 1989Superseding J465 JUN83MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYS1. ScopeThis document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormatThis SAE Standard covers the most commonly used magnesium alloys suitable for casting by the variouscom
5、mercial processes. The chemical composition limits and minimum mechanical properties are shown.Over the years, magnesium alloys have been identified by many numbering systems, as shown in Table 1.Presently, SAE is recommending the use of the use of the UNS numbering system to identify those material
6、s.Other equally important characteristics such as surface finish and dimensional tolerances are not covered inthis standard.1.1 Sources of MagnesiumSources of MagnesiumMagnesium is the third most abundant structural elementin the earths crust, and considered inexhaustible. Common sources are sea wat
7、er, natural brines, magnesite,and dolomite. Three methods of extraction are used in the United States. One method involves treating seawater with a source of alkalinity to precipitate the magnesium as hydroxide, mixing with hydrochloric acid toproduce hydrated magnesium chloride, and then partially
8、drying. The hydrous magnesium chloride is reducedelectrolytically to produce magnesium metal and a mixture of chlorine and hydrochloric acid. A secondmethod produces co-products magnesium metal and pure chlorine in the electrolytic cell by the reduction ofanhydrous magnesium chloride or by the chlor
9、ination of MgO. The anhydrous cell feed results from thecomplete dehydration of natural brines. Another method of extraction, which is also used in the United Statesand in other countries, is by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide by ferrosilicon. Most of the magnesiumingot sold is of 99.80% purity
10、. Grades of magnesium of 99.90, 99.95, and 99.98% purity are also available.The higher purity grades are used mostly in nuclear applications and for reduction purposes.SAE J465ReaffirmedJAN89-2-TABLE 1PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNESIUM SAND-CASTING ALLOYSAlloy Designation Approxima
11、te MeltingRange, F (C)Foundry Characteristics(1)1. Rating of 1 indicates best of group; 3 indicates poorest of group.Cast-abilityOther CharacteristicsUNSASTMandSAEOldSAENon-EquilibriumSolidus(2)2. As measured on metal solidified under normal casting conditions.Solidus LiquidusPatternShrinkageAllowan
12、cein/ft(mm/m)(3)3. Allowance for average castings. Shrinkage requirements will vary with intricacy of design and dimensions. (1 in/ft x 8.333 = % Shrinkage.)PressureTightnessFluidity(4)4. Ability of liquid alloy to flow readily in mold and fill thin sections.Micro-porosityTendency(5)5. Based on radi
13、ographic evidence.NormallyHeatTreatedMachining(6)6. Composite rating based on ease of cutting, chip characteristics, quality of finish, and tool life. Ratings, in the case of heat-treatable alloys, based on T6 type temper. Other tempers, particularly the annealed tem-per, may have lower ratings.Elec
14、tro-plating(7)7. Ability of casting to take and hold an electroplate applied by present standard methods.SurfaceTreatment(8)8. Ability of castings to be cleaned in standard pickle solutions and to be conditioned for best paint adhesion.Suit-abilityto Brazing(9)9. Refers to suitability of alloy to wi
15、thstand brazing temperature without excessive distortion or melting.Suit-abilityto Welding(10)10. Based on ability of material to be fusion welded with filler rod of same alloy.M10100 (11)11. Properties applicable for permanent mold and investment castings.AM100A 502 810 (432) 867 (464) 1100 (593) 5
16、/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 2 1 2 2 No 1M11630 AZ63A 50 685 (363) 850 (454) 1130 (610) 5/32 (13.0) 3 1 3 Yes 3 1 1 1 No 3M11810(11) AZ81A 505 790 (421) 882 (472) 1115 (602) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 1 1 2 2 No 1M11914(11) AZ91C 504 785 (418) 875 (468) 1105 (596) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 1 1 2 2 No 2M11920(11) AZ9
17、2A 500 770 (410) 830 (443) 1100 (593) 5/32 (13.0) 2 1 2 Yes 2 1 2 2 No 2M12330(12)12. Properties applicable for permanent mold castings also.EZ33A 506 1010 (543) 1189 (643) 3/16 (15.5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 1 1 No 1M13310(11) HK31A 507 1092 (589) 1204 (651) 7/32 (18.0) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 1 1 (13)13. Inexperience
18、 with these alloys under wide production conditions makes it undesirable to supply ratings at this time.1M13320(11) HZ32A 1026 (552) 1198 (648) 3/16 (15.5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 2 (13) 2M18010 (14)14. Properties applicable for investment castings also.K1A 1205 (652) 3/16 (15.5) 2 2 2 No 2 1 3 2 (13) 1M18210
19、 QH21A 1004 (539) 1184 (640) 3/16 (15.5) 2 2 2 Yes 1 1 2 1 No M18220(11) QE22A 1020 (549) 1190 (643) 5/32 (13.0) 2 2 2 Yes 1 1 2 1 (13) 1M16410(14) ZE41A 950 (510) 1184 (640) 3/16 (15.5) (13) 2 (13) Yes 1 1 1 1 No 2M16630(14) ZE63A 510 (266) 950 (510) 3/16 (15.5) 1 2 1 Yes 1 1 (13) 1 No 1M16620 ZH62
20、A 508 1169 (632) 5/32 (13.0) 2 2 2 Yes 2 1 1 1 No (13)M16510 ZK51A 509 1020 (549) 1185 (641) 5/32 (13.0) 3 2 3 Yes 3 1 2 2 No 3M16610 ZK61A 513 985 (529) 1175 (635) 532 (13.0) 3 2 3 Yes 3 1 2 1 No 3SAE J465 Reaffirmed JAN89-3-1.2 CastingsMagnesium alloys are cast by all casting methods, the most com
21、mon being pressure die casting,investment casting, sand casting, and permanent mold casting. Many alloys are available for use as sand,investment, and permanent mold castings to give the desired end use and production characteristics. Most ofthese are not suitable for use in the pressure die casting
22、 process. Most of the alloys used for sand, investment,and permanent mold castings may be heat treated to increase strength or improve stability. Die castings, whilein the same composition range as some of the sand castings, are not heat treated because of undesirableeffects such as grain growth and
23、 blistering. Magnesium alloy sand, investment, and permanent mold castingsare generally sold in the solution heat treated (T4) condition for best ductility. Artificial aging after solution heattreatment (T6) increases the yield strength considerably but decreases the ductility. Many times an artific
24、ialage (T5) from the as-cast condition (F) is sufficient to give the desired strength and stability.1.3 Alloying ElementsCommon alloying elements used in magnesium alloys are aluminum, manganese, rareearths, silicon, silver, thorium, zinc, and zirconium. Alloys are stronger than the pure metal, but
25、have lowerelectrical and thermal conductivities. Certain of the alloys respond to heat treatment with an increase instrength and hardness. Most commercial alloys are stable at room temperature. Certain alloying elementssuch as the rare earths and thorium improve the high temperature strength of magn
26、esium alloys.1.4 Alloy NomenclatureA designation system for magnesium alloys used commercially and described in ASTMB 275, Recommended Practice for Codification of Light Metals and Alloys, Cast and Wrought, was adopted bySAE in 1971. The initial letters represent the major alloying elements with the
27、 following numerals representingthe nominal percent by weight of each element. The final letter is assigned arbitrarily.1.5 Temper DesignationThe same temper designation system is used for both aluminum-base andmagnesium-base alloys. It is described in detail under the aluminum alloy section of this
28、 book and in ASTM B296, Recommended Practice for Temper Designation of Magnesium Alloys, Cast and Wrought.1.6 Finishing and CoatingBare magnesium is suitable for some applications. Protective finishes may berequired to prevent tarnishing or for protection from corrosion in humid industrial or marine
29、 atmospheres. It issubject to galvanic attack when coupled to most other metals, and such connections should be adequatelyprotected if moisture will be present. Magnesium can be finished by plating and painting for either protection ordecoration.1.7 TestingMagnesium alloys are tested like other meta
30、ls using standard ASTM methods. The tensile andcompressive yield strengths are defined as the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates 0.2% from theinitial modulus line.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified
31、herein. Unless otherwise indicated the lastest revision of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 ASTMAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTMB275Recommended Practice for Codification of Light Metals and Alloys, Cast and WroughtASTMB296Recommended Practice for Te
32、mper Designation of Magnesium Alloys, Cast and WroughtASTMB557Method of Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsSAE J465 Reaffirmed JAN89-4-3. Sand Castings3.1 GeneralSand castings are used when a small number of castings are required or the casting is large orcomplica
33、ted. In many cases, sand cores are used with permanent mold castings. Dimensional tolerances, onthe whole, are greater for sand castings than for permanent mold castings and the surface is not as smooth.In the design of patterns, a shrinkage factor of 5/32 in/ft (13 mm/m) is generally used, but this
34、 may be reducedto 1/8 in/ft (10 mm/m) or less if free shrinkage is restrained by bosses, internal cores, or grates and risers.Walls as thin as 0.150 in (3.80 mm) can be readily made in large size castings. Thinner walls are possible forsmaller areas. For example, a 0.120 in (3.05 mm) thick wall can
35、be cast covering an area o f about 1 ft2 (0.1 m2).In order to obtain the best results from castings, the foundry should be consulted on the design of the casting,choice of alloy, heat treatment, and properties attainable. The selection of the alloy and heat treatment isgoverned by the characteristic
36、s desired in the casting and the limitations of the casting process.Considerations of cost and secondary characteristics such as finishing, welding, and pressure tightness maybe the deciding factor on which alloy to use.3.2 Physical Properties and Characteristics3.2.1 PURE MAGNESIUMMagnesium is extr
37、emely light with the common alloys having a specific gravity of about1.8 compared to 2.7 for aluminum. The heavier structural metals like iron, copper, and zinc areapproximately four times as heavy as magnesium. Magnesium melts at 1202 F (650 C). The coefficient ofthermal expansion between 68212 F (
38、20100 C) is approximately 0.0000145/F (0.0000261/C) and isslightly higher than for aluminum, 0.000013/F (0.000023/C), and over twice that of steel. The thermal andelectrical conductivities of magnesium are relatively high and some alloys approach values comparable toaluminum alloys. The modulus of e
39、lasticity is approximately 6 500 000 psi (45 GPa). The pure metal is notused for structural applications, but a number of alloys have been developed with good strength-to-weightratios.3.2.2 ALLOYSThe physical properties and characteristics of the most commonly used alloys for sand casting arecompare
40、d in Table 1, which was compiled by the American Foundrymens Society.Approximately the same ratings shown in Table 1 would apply for the same alloys when used for permanentmold and investment castings, although not all sand casting alloys are suitable for use in permanent molds.SAE J465 Reaffirmed J
41、AN89-5-3.3 Composition and Its EffectsThe compositions of magnesium casting alloys are given in Table 2.Alloys M10100, M11630, M11810, M11914, and M11920 are used for most commercial applications. With theexception of M10100, which is a binary magnesium-aluminum alloy, they contain aluminum and zinc
42、 as alloyingelements. This alloy family is used where moderately high strength at room temperature is desired. Thesealloys generally have good castability and are the lowest in cost of the commercial alloys. Individualdifferences in strength, ductility, and pressure tightness exist in this family of
43、 alloys. M11630 has the besttoughness but has a tendency to microporosity in complex designs. M11920 has the highest tensile yieldstrength of the Mg-Al-Zn alloys. It has been used extensively in aircraft engines. M10100 has good castabilityand pressure tightness. Alloys M11914 and M11810 have better
44、 pressure tightness than M11630 and havegood weldability. Both M11914 and M11810 have been used extensively in aircraft and racing car wheels. Theupper operating limit for the Mg-Al-Zn casting alloys is generally considered to be about 300 F (149 C).A second series of alloys is based upon the Mg-Zn-
45、Zr alloy system. These alloys are also generally used atservice temperatures below 300 F (149 C), although the addition of rare earth metals (alloy M16410) andthorium (alloy M16620) somewhat improves their ability to withstand exposure to more elevated temperatures.Alloys M16410 and M16620 have impr
46、oved foundry characteristics and weldability over M16510 and M16610.Alloy M16610-T6 has a high strength-to-weight ratio compared to most commercial casting alloys, but showsless favorable foundry characteristics. Alloy M16630-T6 has a high strength-to-weight ratio, is readily castable,and shows litt
47、le or no tendency to microporosity. It is designed to take advantage of a new principle of heattreatment involving the inward diffusion of hydrogen and formation of hydrides. M18010 is a low-strengthcasting alloy intended for applications requiring exceptionally good damping characteristics.TABLE 2C
48、OMPOSITION OF MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYSAlloy Designation Elements, wt. %UNSASTMandSAEOldSAE AlMn,min Zn ThRareEarths ZrCu,maxNi,maxSi,maxTotal OtherElements,maxM10600 AM60A 5.56.5 0.13 0.22 0.35 0.03 0.50 M10100 AM100A 502 9.310.7 0.10 0.30 max 0.10 0.01 0.30 0.30M10410 AS41A 3.74.8 0.220.48 0.10 max
49、 0.04 0.01 0.601.4 0.30M11630 AZ63A 50 5.36.7 0.15 2.53.5 0.25 0.01 0.30 0.30M11810 AZ81A 505 7.08.1 0.13 0.401.0 0.10 0.01 0.30 0.30M11910 AZ91A 501 8.39.7 0.13 0.351.0 0.10 0.03 0.50 0.30M11912 AZ91B 501A 8.39.7 0.13 0.351.0 0.35 0.03 0.50 0.30M11914 AZ91C 504 8.19.3 0.13 0.41.0 0.10 0.01 0.30 0.30M11920 AZ92A 500 8.39.7 0.10 1.62.4 0.25 0.01 0.30 0.30M12330 EZ33A 506 2.03.1 2.54.0 0
