1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.s
3、ae.orgCopyright 1994 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardJ311REV.FEB2000Issued 1952-01Revised 2000-02Superseding J311 FEB19
4、94Fluid for Passenger Car Type Automatic Transmissions1. ScopeThis SAE Information Report details some of the equipment and procedures used to measure criticalcharacteristics of automatic transmission fluid (ATF) used in current automatic transmissions. It is intended toassist those concerned with t
5、he design of transmission components, and with the selection and marketing ofautomatic transmission fluids for the use in passenger car and light-duty truck automatic transmissions. Theinformation contained herein will be helpful in understanding the terms related to properties, designations, andser
6、vice applications of automatic transmission fluids.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated the lastest revision of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SA
7、E, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J110SealsTesting of Radial Lip2.1.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D 130Method of Test of Copper Strip Corrosion by Petroleum ProductsASTM D 665Rust-Preventing Characteristics
8、 of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterASTM D 892Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsASTM D 1275Method of Test for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insulating OilsASTM D 1748Method of Test for Rust Protection by Metal Preservatives in the Humidity CabinetASTM D 2882Indicating the Wea
9、r Characteristics of Petroleum and Non-Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids in aConstant Volume Vane Pump2.1.3 GM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from General Motors Corporation, GM ATF Committee, 30500 Mound Road,M/C 480-106-160, Warren, MI 48090.GM-6137MDEXRON-IIE Automatic Transmission Fluid Specification, General M
10、otors Corporation,August 1992GM-6417MDEXRON-III Automatic Transmission Fluid Specification, General Motors Corporation,December 1998SAE J311 Revised FEB2000-2-2.1.4 FORD MOTOR PUBLICATIONAvailable from Ford Motor Company, ATF Committee, 36200 Plymouth, Livonia,MI 48150.MERCONAutomatic Transmission F
11、luid Specification, Ford Motor Company, September 1, 1992MERCON-VAutomatic Transmission Fluid Specification, Ford Motor Company, February, 19962.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1 SAE PUBLICATI
12、ONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.Design PracticesPassenger Car Automatic Transmissions, SAE Advances in Engineering, Vols. 1 and 2SAE Paper 710838Automatic Transmissions Fluid Viscosity Requirements, E. D. Davison and M. L.Haviland, presented at St. Louis, MO,
13、 1971SAE Paper 740051Automotive Transmission FluidsSome Aspects on Friction, E. J. Friihauf,presented at SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, MI, February, 1974SAE Paper 670051Putting Automatic Transmission Clutch Friction Researchers on Speaking Terms, G.R. Smith, et al, presented at SAE A
14、utomotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, MI,January, 1967SAE Paper 790019Bridging the Gap Between DEXRON-II and Type F ATF, H. E. Deen, et al; SAETransactions for 1979, Vol. 88SAE Paper 690768Engine and Transmission Lubricant Viscosity Effects on Low Temperature Crankingand Starting, M. L. Haviland,
15、 SAE Transactions, Vol. 78 (1969)SAE Paper 740053DEXRON-II Automatic Transmission Fluid Performance, M. L. Haviland, et al,presented at SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, MI, February, 1974SAE Paper 881673The Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test for MERCON World-Wide Service ATF, P. A.Willermet
16、 and S. K. Kandah, 1988SAE Paper 801363The Prediction of ATF Service Life from Laboratory Oxidation Test Data, in SP 473,“Deterioration of Automotive Lubricants in Service,” P. A. Willermet, et al; SAE Fuelsand Lubricants Meeting, Baltimore, MD, October, 1980SAE Paper 680438Laboratory Methods for Pr
17、edicting Viscosity Loss of Polymer Thickened HydraulicFluids, p. 74, R. L. Stambaugh and A. L. Preuss, Fuels and Lubricants, 1968 Paper,SAE Activity Proceedings, A P-1SAE Paper 902148Physical and Chemical Properties of a Typical Automatic Transmission Fluid, S. P.Kemp and J. L. Linden, 1990SAE Paper
18、 870356Improving Transaxle Performance at Low Temperature with Reduced-ViscosityAutomatic Transmission Fluids, J. L. Linden and S. P. Kemp, 1987SAE Paper 922371The Oxidation Stability of General Motors Proposed Factory-Fill AutomaticTransmission Fluid, S. P. Kemp and J. L. Linden, 1992SAE Paper 8412
19、14Automatic Transmission FluidsProperties and Performance, H. E. Deen and J.RyerSAE Paper 982674Development and Introduction of Chryslers New Automatic Transmission Fluid, D.W. Florkowski, T. E. King, A. P. Skrobul, J. L. Sumiejski, 1998SAE J311 Revised FEB2000-3-2.2.2 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable fro
20、m ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D 92Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open CupASTM D 445Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)ASTM D 808Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products (Bomb Method)ASTM D 971In
21、terfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring MethodASTM D 1298Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodASTM D 2717Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsASTM D 2766Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsASTM D 2780Solu
22、bility of Fixed Gases in LiquidsASTM D 2983Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automotive Fluid Lubricants Measured by BrookfieldViscometerASTM D 4951Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry2.2.3 DAIMLER CHRYSLER CORPORATION PUBLICATIO
23、NAvailable from Daimler Chrysler Corporation, Auburn Hills,MI 48326.MS-9602Automatic Transmission Fluid Specification, October, 19982.2.4 OTHER PUBLICATIONS“Petroleum Refinery Engineering,” 4th Edition by W. L. Nelson, New York, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1958,pp. 189190CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Volum
24、e II, Theory and Design, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1984J. B. Maxwell, “Data Book on Hydrocarbons,” D Van Nostrand, New York, 19503. Definitions3.1 Automatic Transmission FluidAutomatic transmission fluid is a lubricating oil specifically designed for usein fully automatic transmissions.
25、ATF consists of a base oil and an additive package which is added toenhance the properties of the base oil.4. Basic Performance RequirementsAutomatic transmission fluids are complex because they are intended toprovide good transmission performance and durability, and serve a variety of functions: po
26、wer transfermedium, hydraulic control fluid, heat-transfer medium, lubricant for sliding surfaces, gear lubricant, andlubricant for frictional surfaces. In order to ensure satisfactory performance in all intended applications undernormal use and severe operating conditions, the fluid must satisfacto
27、rily meet the following requirements:a. Miscibility with fluids used for initial OEM factory fill and with other OEM qualified fluidsb. Resistance to oxidation, including the formation of sludge and/or varnishc. Operation from very low temperatures to very high temperaturesd. Component lubricatione.
28、 Anti-foam performancef. Protection against corrosion or rustingg. Compatibility with elastomeric materialsh. OEM shift-feel characteristicsi. Stability of band and plate clutch friction characteristics over time and duty cycle at varioustemperaturesj. Anti-wear protectionSAE J311 Revised FEB2000-4-
29、5. Properties of Automatic transmission Fluids5.1 Physical and Chemical PropertiesThe physical and chemical properties of an automatic transmission fluidare important transmission design criteria. The transmission design engineer must have data on theseproperties to solve the many momentum and heat
30、transfer calculations required to design todays complexautomatic transmissions. In general, air solubility, thermal expansion, and specific heat increase withincreasing temperature; whereas, surface tension, specific gravity, viscosity, bulk modulus, density, thermalconductivity, and electrical cond
31、uctivity decrease with increasing temperature.5.1.1 TYPICAL VALUEa. Brookfield Viscosity, cP20 C 600 to 120040 C 8000 to 20 000b. Kinemtic Viscosity, cSt40 C 33100 C 7.0c. Thermal Conductivity, W/mK40 C 0.1581000 C 0.149d. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, mL/mL C6 x 104e. Specific Gravity (Relative
32、 Density)40 C 0.8534100 C 0.8116f. Specific Heat, J/kgK40 C 2018100 C 2244g. Density, g/cm340 C 0.853100 C 0.816h. Bulk Modulus (Tangent Isothermal), MPa37.8 C 6.9 MPa 137237.8 C 55.16 MPa 203437.8 C 137.9 MPa 293093.3 C 6.9 MPa 111093.3 C 55.16 MPa 161393.3 C 137.9 MPa 2530i. Electric Resistivity,
33、Ohms/cm40 C 8.05109100 C 1.44109SAE J311 Revised FEB2000-5-j. Surface Tension, dynes/cm93 C 28.9135 C 25.5k. Flash Point, C 190l. Fire Point, C 2105.2 ViscosityViscosity is the measure of a fluids resistance to flow, and is one of the most important physicalproperties of a lubricant. The viscosity m
34、ust be low enough at all operating temperatures to ensure adequatefluid flow and minimize viscous drag, but high enough at high temperatures to provide adequate fluid-filmstrength and prevent excessive internal transmission fluid leakage.Viscosities chosen vary with the individual manufacturer, but
35、are generally within the range of 6.5 to 8.5 cSt at100 C for fresh fluid. Both kinematic (centistokes) and absolute (centipoises) viscosities are determined onthese fluids. The absolute viscosity divided by the density of the fluid equals the kinematic viscosity.Fluid kinematic viscosity shall not f
36、all below what is required for proper operation of the automatic transmissionfor which the fluid is used. Typical minimum viscosities during transmission operation range from 5 to 5.5 cStat 100 C.Detailed discussion of fundamental principles and measuring equipment is available in current literature
37、.5.3 Chemical ContentAn automatic transmission fluid consists of 85 to 90% base oil and 10 to 15% of aperformance additive package containing chemical compounds necessary to impart the desiredcharacteristics. The base oil may be naphthenic, paraffinic, hydro-treated or synthetic (or any combination)
38、depending on the type of service, the needs of the transmission manufacturer and the oil company marketingplans for the automatic transmission fluid. The chemical compounds which form the additive package contain,in general: dispersants to control sludge and varnish; corrosion inhibitors to prevent
39、the corrosion of bushings;thrust washers, and any other copper-based components; anti-wear additives to prevent wear of gears,bushings, washers, and other rubbing components; friction modifiers to improve shift-feel and friction materialdurability; anti-oxidants to control fluid degradation and incr
40、ease fluid useful life; pour point depressants tolower the fluid pour point; anti-foam additives to reduce fluid foaming tendencies; viscosity modifiers toincrease the viscosity index of the fluid; seal swell additives to insure elastomer compatibility and performance;and a red dye to identify the f
41、luid as an automatic transmission fluid.6. Oxidation and Thermal StabilityOxidation is the chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen and is amajor cause of automatic transmission fluid deterioration. The oxidation process involves the formation of freeradicals, acidic compounds, and polar compoun
42、ds which attack and degrade the ATF additive package, theATF base oil, transmission elastomeric compounds, copper alloy components, and other sensitivetransmission parts. Degrading an ATF can change the properties of the ATF significantly. Transmissiondesigners must take such changes into considerat
43、ion in the design of transmission components and fluidchange interval recommendations.The oxidation stability of ATF is affected by many parameters, such as: fluid temperature, aeration rate,additive system effectiveness, base oil type, and the presence of catalysts. Fluid temperature is probably th
44、emost critical parameter. Fluids used in automatic transmissions must be capable of operating at temperaturesin excess of 150 C in services such as trailer towing, and under conditions encountered in hot-weather high-density urban traffic.Full-scale tests such as the DEXRON-III Cycling Test and Oxid
45、ation Test, as well as bench tests such as theMERCON Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test (ABOT) are used for evaluating oxidation resistance of fluids.SAE J311 Revised FEB2000-6-7. Friction CharacteristicsFluid friction characteristics are important in automatic transmissions that utilizelubricated frict
46、ion clutches and bands to change gear ratios. Extensive performance and durability testing isperformed in actual transmissions and bench friction test apparatus. The General Motors and Ford MotorCompany automatic transmission fluid specifications both require SAE No. 2 Friction Machine bench tests,d
47、ynamometer cycling tests, and vehicle shift-feel tests to characterize the fluid frictional properties and frictiondurability. No single fluid is known to provide the optimum friction requirements of all existing transmissiontypes. The transmission designer must realize that the automatic transmissi
48、on fluid formulator mustcompromise fluid friction properties of one clutch system to benefit another clutch system. For example,shifting clutches, in general, require a lower static coefficient of friction to maximize customer acceptance ofthe shift feel, whereas a holding clutch system (such as a f
49、orward clutch which is always engaged duringforward motion) requires a higher static coefficient of friction to provide the necessary friction torque capacityand minimize clutch slippage. Maximizing the performance in one type of system compromises theperformance in the other system.Evolution of friction materials and consequent changes in reaction member surfaces, both clutch and band,has emphasized the friction-controlling role of automatic transmission fluid. Matchi
