1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1657_201104SURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ1657 APR2011 Issued 1993-06 Stabilized 2011-04 Su
5、perseding J1657 FEB1999 Selection Criteria for Retrofit Refrigerants to Replace CFC-12 (R-12) in Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems RATIONALE The technical report covers technology, products, or processes which are mature and not likely to change in the foreseeable future. STABILIZED NOTICE This docume
6、nt has been declared “Stabilized“ by the SAE Interior Climate Control Committee and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist. Copyright SAE Internationa
7、l Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1657 Stabilized APR2011 Page 2 of 6 ForewordRefrigerants and refrigerant mixtures that might contain CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, and hydrocarbons arebeing considered for introductio
8、n into the automotive aftermarket as retrofit refrigerants to service some of theexisting motor vehicles equipped with CFC-12 (R-12) mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. This documentprovides criteria for determining the acceptability of candidate retrofit refrigerants to replace CFC-12 (R-12) inm
9、obile A/C systems originally designed to use CFC-12 (R-12).1. ScopeThe purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide criteria for determining theacceptability of candidate retrofit refrigerants to replace CFC-12 (R-12) in mobile A/C systems originallydesigned to use CFC-12 (R-12).2. Referen
10、ces2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J639S
11、afety and Containment of Refrigerant for Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems Used forMobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J1627Rating Criteria for Electronic Refrigerant Leak DetectorsSAE J1628Technician Procedure for Using Electronic Refrigerant Leak Detector for Service of MobileAir-Conditioning Sy
12、stemsSAE J1658Alternate Refrigerant Consistency Criteria for Use in Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J1659Vehicle Testing Requirements for Replacement Refrigerant for CFC-12 (R-12) Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J1660Fittings and Labels for Retrofit of CFC-12 (R-12) Mobile Air-Conditioning Sys
13、tems toHFC-134a (R-134a)SAE J1661Procedure for Retrofitting CFC-12 (R-12) Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems to HFC-134a(R-134a)SAE J1662Material Compatibility With Alternate RefrigerantsSAE J1989Recommended Service Procedure for the Containment of CFC-12 (R-12)SAE J1990Extraction and Recycle Equipment
14、 for Mobile Automotive Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J1991Standard of Purity for Use in Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J2064HFC-134a (R-134a) Refrigerant Automotive Air-Conditioning HoseCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
15、rmitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1657 Stabilized APR2011 Page 3 of 6 SAE J2099Standard of Purity for Recycled HFC-134a (R-134a) for Use in Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J2196Service Hose for Automotive Air-ConditioningSAE J2197HFC-134a (R-134a) Service Hose Fittings for Automotive Air-
16、Conditioning Service EquipmentSAE J2209Extraction Equipment for Mobile Automotive Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J2210HFC-134a (R-13a) Recycling Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning SystemsSAE J2211Recommended Service Procedure for the Containment of HFC-134a (R-134a)2.1.2 ASHRAE PUBLICATIONAvailable
17、from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329.ASHRAE Standard 34Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants2.1.3 ASTM PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D 2670-81Method for Measuring Wear Properties of Fluid Lubri
18、cants (Falex Method)ASTM E 681-85Test Method for Limits of Flammability of Chemicals2.1.4 ACGIH PUBLICATIONAvailable from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,6500 Glenway Avenue, Building D-7, Cincinnati, OH 45211.Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agen
19、ts and Biological Exposure Indices2.1.5 OSHA PUBLICATIONAvailable from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)3. General Requirements3.1 Retrofit refrigerants shall, in addition to meeting the require
20、ments of this document, meet the requirements ofSAE J1658, J1659, and J1662.3.2 For each refrigerant candidate, a recommended companion lubricant shall be identified.3.3 Each retrofit refrigerant candidate shall be accompanied by a recommended retrofit procedure written insufficient detail to allow
21、automotive service technicians to successfully retrofit any vehicle for which thecandidate refrigerant is marketed from CFC-12 (R-12) to the candidate refrigerant. Such procedure shall takeinto consideration, and offer a remedy for, any incompatibility of the refrigerant and/or lubricant with typica
22、l A/Csystem materials of construction. (Refer to SAE J1658, J1659, J1660, J1661, and J1662 for additional retrofitrequirements.)4. Noncompliance with Acceptance Criteria4.1 Failure to meet the requirements of Sections 5, 6, and 7 shall be cause for rejection of the candidate refrigerantas a suitable
23、 mobile A/C refrigerant.4.2 Failure to meet the acceptance criteria of any remaining section shall require documentation in theaccompanying retrofit procedure of such failure and the remedial action necessary to overcome the deficiency.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with S
24、AENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1657 Stabilized APR2011 Page 4 of 6 5. Refrigerant PropertiesSafety5.1 Refrigerant Toxicity5.1.1 The refrigerant shall be listed on the U.S. EPAs Chemical Inventory List as required by the Toxic SubstanceContro
25、l Act (TSCA). To obtain this listing, the refrigerant manufacturer must provide EPA with sufficienttoxicological information for the EPA to determine that the material can be sold commercially.5.1.2 The refrigerant shall have a Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA), or equivalentexpo
26、sure limit, meeting the requirements of the U.S. EPA Significant New Alternatives Program for mobileA/C application. For refrigerant blends, this criterion must be met, as formulated and under “worst case“fractionation scenarios described in the flammability section (5.2.2 and 5.2.4). ASHRAE Standar
27、d 34provides a basis upon which to compare the relative safety of refrigerants.TLV-TWA is the “time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-h workday and a 40-h work week, towhich nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect“ (from AmericanConference of G
28、overnmental Industrial Hygienists).5.1.3 SAFETY CRITERIA5.1.3.1 The refrigerant must be accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which provides theminimum requirements specified by OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).5.1.3.2 Beyond those criteria listed previously, the
29、refrigerant candidate must be capable of being handled safely inmobile air conditioning service facilities when such facilities are employing the safety and handlingpractices used for CFC-12 (R-12) or HFC-134a (R-134a). Safety considerations should include, but not belimited to, those specified in S
30、AE J639.5.2 Refrigerant Flammability5.2.1 DETERMINATION OF FLAMMABILITY OF THE REFRIGERANT OR REFRIGERANT BLEND5.2.1.1 The test method to be used is ASTM E 681-85, conducted at atmospheric pressure and 25 C, andmodified as follows:a. A magnetically driven agitator, as shown in Figure 1 of ASTM E 681
31、-85, shall be substituted for thestirring bar.b. A match is to be secured between the electrodes and electrically ignited.c. All samples are to be introduced as vapor.NOTEThese modifications are basically those recommended by the Halogenated HydrocarbonsCommittee of the Compressed Gas Association in
32、 their deliberations to develop a standardprocedure for flammability.5.2.1.2 The use of this method results in a diagram or chart that defines the flammable and nonflammable regionsof mixtures of the refrigerant or refrigerant blend with any concentration of air.5.2.2 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
33、 REFRIGERANT FRACTIONATION ON THE FLAMMABILITY OF A BLEND REFRIG-ERANT DUE TO VAPOR LEAKAGE FROM SERVICE EQUIPMENT OR THE A/C SYSTEM5.2.2.1 The following testing shall be performed at two refrigerant temperatures: 2 C 1 C and 66 C 1 C tosimulate evaporator and condenser conditions.Copyright SAE Inte
34、rnational Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1657 Stabilized APR2011 Page 5 of 6 5.2.2.2 Fill a DOT-approved 13.6 kg refrigerant container to normal level with the refrigerant at its specifiedcomposition and b
35、ring the container to the appropriate test temperature (5.2.2.1).5.2.2.3 Establish a small vapor leak from the container (15 g/min, max).5.2.2.4 Obtain periodic samples of the vapor and remaining liquid as the refrigerant leaks from the container. Anadequate number of samples should be taken to deve
36、lop an accurate graph describing the change incomposition of both the liquid and the vapor as the entire contents of the container are removed as a vaporleak (e.g., at least 4 to 6 samples at regular intervals).5.2.2.5 The samples are to be analyzed by gas chromatography to determine composition.5.2
37、.2.6 The data obtained in 5.2.2.5 shall be compared to the information developed in 5.2.1.2 to determinewhether the composition of the liquid or vapor enters the flammable region.5.2.2.7 Acceptance CriteriaAt no time during the exhaustion of the entire contents of the refrigerant containervia the si
38、mulated vapor leak defined previously shall either the vapor or the liquid composition enter theflammable region.5.2.3 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF REFRIGERANT FRACTIONATION ON THE FLAMMABILITY OF A BLEND REFRIG-ERANT DUE TO LIQUID LEAKAGE FROM SERVICE EQUIPMENT OR THE A/C SYSTEM5.2.3.1 Repeat st
39、eps 5.2.2.1 through 5.2.2.6 with a liquid leak rather than a vapor leak.5.2.3.2 Acceptance CriteriaAt no time during the exhaustion of the entire contents of the refrigerant containervia the simulated liquid leak defined previously shall either the vapor or the liquid composition enter theflammable
40、region.5.2.4 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF REFRIGERANT FRACTIONATION ON THE FLAMMABILITY OF A BLEND REFRIG-ERANT DUE TO A/C SYSTEM HOSE PERMEATION5.2.4.1 Hose permeation testing shall be conducted per SAE J2064.5.2.4.2 Hoses included in the test shall be representative of Types A to F (as defined
41、in SAE J2064).5.2.4.3 During the test period, liquid and vapor samples are to be taken from the hose assembly at regularintervals (4 to 6 samples).5.2.4.4 The samples are to be analyzed by gas chromatography to determine composition.5.2.4.5 The data obtained in 5.2.4.4 shall be compared to the infor
42、mation developed in 5.2.1.2 to determinewhether the composition of the liquid or vapor enters the flammable region.5.2.4.6 Acceptance CriteriaAt no time during the refrigerant permeation test shall either the vapor or the liquidcomposition enter the flammable region.6. Ozone Depletion Potential6.1 T
43、he Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of the retrofit refrigerant candidate shall not exceed the lesser of 0.05(based upon R-11 at 1.0 ODP) or that permitted by the U.S. EPAs Significant New Alternatives Program.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduc
44、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1657 Stabilized APR2011 Page 6 of 6 7. Environmental Handling of the Candidate Refrigerant7.1 The intended manufacturer/marketer of the candidate refrigerant shall provide a means by which therefrigerant can be recovered/recycled from ve
45、hicles during both retrofit and normal vehicle service in a mannerthat will not conflict with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments or established SAE recycling/recovery equipmentand methods, i.e., SAE J1989, J1990, J1991, J2209, J2210, J2211, J2099, J2196, J2197, J1627, J1628, J639.Such recovery/recycl
46、ing requirements shall be referenced in the accompanying retrofit procedure (3.3).7.2 The 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments require the recycling/recovery of Class I and II refrigerants andexpressly forbid venting to the atmosphere. Such requirements extend to all CFC-12 (R-12) substitutes in1995.
47、To prevent inadvertent commingling of refrigerants, which would contaminate recycled/recoveredrefrigerant supplies, each retrofit refrigerant candidate shall be accompanied by air conditioning system serviceconversion fittings/assemblies so designed that they cannot be intentionally or inadvertently
48、 coupled to existingservice equipment intended for CFC-12 (R-12) or HFC-134a (R-134a) fittings, as specified in SAE J639.HFC-134a (R-134a), when used as a retrofit refrigerant, shall require the HFC-134a (R-134a) fittings specifiedin SAE J639. Conversion fittings/assemblies shall meet the requirements of SAE J1660 and shall be specifiedin the accompanying retrofit procedure (3.3). Inclusion of such fittings into SAE J639 is recommended.8. Leak Detection8.1 The retrofit refrigerant shall be detectable by typical leak detection methods and equipment use
