1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS6285AEROSPACESTANDARDAS6285Issued 2016-08Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing ProcessesRATION
5、ALEThe purpose of this document is to provide industry standards for the methods and procedures used in performing the treatments necessary for the proper deicing and anti-icing of aircraft on the ground using AMS1424 and AMS1428 qualified fluids (Type I, II, III, and IV) and non-fluid methods. Expo
6、sure to weather conditions on the ground that are conducive to ice formation can cause the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice on aircraft surfaces and components. These contaminants can adversely affect aircraft performance, stability and control, and operation of mechanical devices such as
7、control surfaces, sensors, flaps, and landing gear. If frozen deposits are present, other than those considered in the aircraft certification process, the performance of the aircraft may be compromised.Regulations governing aircraft operations in icing conditions shall be followed. Specific rules fo
8、r aircraft are set forth in the United States Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR), EASA EU-OPS, Canadian Aviation Regulations (CAR), and others. Paraphrased, these rules specify that no one may dispatch or take off an aircraft with frozen deposits on components of the aircraft that are critical to sa
9、fe flight. A critical surface or component is one which could adversely affect the mechanical or aerodynamic function of an aircraft. As individual icing situations or aircraft types and models may require special procedures, this document can never replace the aircraft operators judgement. The resp
10、onsibility for the correct deicing and anti-icing procedures for aircraft always rests with the operator of the aircraft.The ultimate responsibility for the determination that the aircraft is clean and meets airworthiness requirements rests with the pilot in command of the aircraft.SAE INTERNATIONAL
11、 AS6285 Page 2 of 38TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 4 1.1 Field of Application 4 1.2 Agreements and Contracts . 4 1.3 Hazardous Materials . 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 4 2.2 Abbreviations and Definitions . 5 2.2.1 Abbreviations 5 2.2.2 Definitions . 6 3. ROLES AND
12、RESPONSIBILITIES . 9 4. QUALITY. 10 4.1 Quality Assurance . 11 4.2 Station Quality Control Program . 11 4.3 Fluid Quality Control Checks 11 4.3.1 Fluid Delivery/Acceptance Check . 11 4.3.2 Fluid Pre-Season and Within-Season Checks 12 4.3.3 Daily Concentration Checks 13 4.3.4 Check on Directly or Ind
13、irectly Heated Type II, III, or IV Fluids 14 4.3.5 Fluid Check Methods 14 4.3.6 Fluid Sampling Procedure for Type II, Type III, or Type IV Fluids 15 5. COMMUNICATIONS. 16 5.1 Communication Procedures 16 5.2 Communication Prior to Starting Deicing/Anti-Icing Treatment 16 5.3 Post Deicing/Anti-Icing C
14、ommunication 17 5.4 The Anti-Icing Code 17 5.5 Post-Deicing/Anti-Icing Check and Transmission of the Anti-Icing Code to the Flight Crew 18 5.6 All Clear Signal 18 5.7 Off-Gate Communications. 18 5.8 Scripts . 19 5.9 Phraseology 19 5.10 Communication for Proximity Sensor Activation by Physical Contac
15、t 19 6. AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS AFTER DEICING/ANTI-ICING. 20 6.1 Wings, Tails, and Control Surfaces. 20 6.2 Pitot Tubes, Static Ports, and All Other Air Data Sensing Devices 20 6.3 Engines . 20 6.4 Air Conditioning Inlets and Outlets 20 6.5 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Doors 20 6.6 Fuel Tank Vents 20
16、 6.7 Fuselage . 20 6.8 Flight Deck Windows and Nose or Radome Area 20 6.9 Dried Thickened Fluid Residues When the Aircraft Has Not Been Flown After Anti-Icing . 21 6.10 Special Maintenance Considerations 21 7. CHECKS . 21 7.1 Contamination Check to Establish the Need for Deicing 21 7.2 Tactile Check
17、 22 7.3 Post Deicing/Anti-Icing Check. 22 7.4 Pre Takeoff Check 22 7.5 Pre Takeoff Contamination Check 22 7.6 Flight Control Check 23 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6285 Page 3 of 388. AIRCRAFT GROUND DEICING/ANTI-ICING METHODS . 23 8.1 Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Methods, General Comments 23 8.2 Pre-De
18、icing Process to Be Done Prior to Deicing/Anti-Icing 23 8.3 Infrared Deicing. 23 8.4 Deicing by Fluids. 24 8.4.1 Removal of Contaminants. 24 8.4.2 Removal of Frost and Light Ice . 24 8.4.3 Removal of Snow 24 8.4.4 Removal of Ice 24 8.4.5 General Deicing Fluid Application Strategy 24 8.4.6 Wings, Hor
19、izontal Stabilizers, and Elevators 25 8.4.7 Lower Wing Surface (under side of wing) Deicing Procedures 25 8.4.8 Removal of Local Area Contamination . 25 8.4.9 Vertical Surfaces . 25 8.4.10 Fuselage . 25 8.4.11 Nose/Radome Area and Flight Deck Windows. 25 8.4.12 Landing Gear and Wheel Bays . 26 8.4.1
20、3 Engines . 26 8.5 Anti-Icing by Fluids 26 8.5.1 Anti-Icing Fluid Application Strategy . 27 8.5.2 Local Frost Prevention in Cold Soaked Wing Areas. 27 8.5.3 Holdover Time. 28 8.6 Limits. 29 8.6.1 Fluid Related Limits. 29 8.6.2 Application Limits (see also the Application Tables 1 and 2 in 8.8) 29 8.
21、6.3 Aircraft Related Limits. 30 8.7 Procedure Precautions 30 8.8 Fluid Application Tables 34 9. GROUND EQUIPMENT 36 9.1 Deicing Units . 36 9.2 Ice Detection Equipment (see AS5116 and AS5681). 36 10. FLUIDS 36 10.1 Fluid Storage and Handling 36 10.2 Fluid Transfer Systems . 37 10.3 Heating 37 10.4 Ap
22、plication Equipment 37 11. STAFF TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION . 37 12. NOTES 38 12.1 Revision Indicator 38TABLE 1 GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE I FLUID/WATER MIXTURES (MINIMUM CONCENTRATIONS) AS A FUNCTION OF OAT . 34 TABLE 2 GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF TYPE II AND TYPE IV FLUID/WATER M
23、IXTURES(MINIMUM CONCENTRATIONS) AS A FUNCTION OF OAT . 35 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6285 Page 4 of 381. SCOPE1.1 Field of ApplicationThis document establishes the minimum requirements for ground based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing
24、conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models.NOTE: Refer to particular aircraft operator or aircraft manufacturers published manuals and procedures. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively re
25、move and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 and AMS1428 (Type I, II, III, and IV
26、fluids).All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers recommendations.1.2 Agreements and
27、 ContractsThis information is recommended as a basis for operations and service support agreements.1.3 Hazardous MaterialsWhile the materials, methods, applications, and processes referenced to, or described in this specification may involve the use of hazardous materials, this standard does not add
28、ress the hazards which may be involved in their use. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure their familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and processes and to take necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved.2. R
29、EFERENCES2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of confl
30、ict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International, 400 Commo
31、nwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AMS1424 Deicing/Anti-Icing Fluid, Aircraft SAE Type 1AMS1428 Fluid, Deicing/Anti-Icing, Non-Newtonian (Pseudoplastic), SAE Types II, III, IVARP1971 Aircraft Deicing Vehic
32、le Self-PropelledARP5058 Enclosed Operators Cabin for Aircraft Ground Deicing EquipmentAS5116 Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Ground Ice Detection SystemsARP5660 Deicing Facility Operational ProceduresSAE INTERNATIONAL AS6285 Page 5 of 38AS5681 Minimum Operational Performance Speci
33、fication for Remote On-Ground Ice Detection SystemsAS5900 Standard Test Method for Aerodynamic Acceptance of SAE AMS1424 and SAE AMS1428 Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing FluidsAIR6232 Aircraft Surface Coating Interaction with Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing FluidsAIR6284 Forced Air or Forced Air/Fluid Equipm
34、ent for Removal of ContaminantsAS9968 Laboratory Viscosity Measurement of Thickened Aircraft Deicing/Anti-icing Fluids with the Brookfield LV ViscometerAircraft Manufacturer ManualsAircraft Operator Manuals2.2 Abbreviations and Definitions2.2.1 AbbreviationsACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing a
35、nd Reporting SystemATC Air Traffic ControlAPU Auxiliary Power UnitCDF Central Deicing FacilityDDF Designated Deicing Facility C Degrees Celsius F Degrees FahrenheitEFB Electronic Flight BagEMB Electronic Message BoardFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFP Freezing Pointh HoursLOUT Lowest Operational
36、Use Temperaturemin MinutesOAT Outside Air TemperatureSDS Safety Data SheetTC Transport CanadaSAE INTERNATIONAL AS6285 Page 6 of 382.2.2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.a. Advisory Word Definitions: The following advisory words are to be used as defined:M
37、AY: This is used to describe that the practice is encouraged and/or optional.SHALL: This will mean that the practice is mandatory.SHOULD: This means that the practice is recommended or strongly encouraged.b. Words and Phrase Definitions: The following words and phrases are to be used as defined:ACTI
38、VE FROST: Active frost is a condition when frost is forming. Active frost occurs when aircraft surface temperature is at or below 0 C (32 F) when the humidity of the air is at or below dew point.ANTI-ICING: Procedure by which fluid is applied to provide protection against the formation of frost or i
39、ce or the accumulation of snow or slush on treated surfaces of an aircraft for a limited period of time (Holdover Time).ANTI-ICING FLUID:a. Mixture of water and Type I fluid;b. Premix Type I fluid;c. Type II fluid, Type III fluid, or Type IV fluid;d. Mixture of water and Type II fluid, Type III flui
40、d, or Type IV fluid.NOTE: Fluids in (a) and (b) shall be heated to ensure a temperature of 60 C (140 F) minimum at the nozzle.SAE Type II and IV fluids for anti-icing are normally applied unheated on clean aircraft surfaces but may be applied heated. SAE Type III fluids for anti-icing may be applied
41、 heated or unheated on clean aircraft surfaces.ANTI-ICING CODE: This code is given to the flight crew/Pilot in Command that deicing/anti-icing has been carried out and the details of the anti-icing treatment that was applied.BUFFER (FREEZE POINT BUFFER): The difference between the Outside Air Temper
42、ature (OAT) and the of the fluid used.CHECK: The examination of an aircraft item against a relevant standard by a trained and qualified person.COLD-SOAK EFFECT: The wings of an aircraft are said to be “cold-soaked” when they contain very cold fuel as a result of having just landed after a flight at
43、high altitude or from having been refueled with very cold fuel. Whenever precipitation falls on a cold-soaked aircraft on the ground, clear icing may occur. Even in ambient temperatures between -2 and +15 C (28 and 59 F), ice or frost can form in the presence of visible moisture or high humidity if
44、the aircraft structure remains at 0 C (32 F) or below. Clear ice is very difficult to detect visually and may break loose during or after takeoff. The following factors contribute to cold-soaking: temperature and quantity of fuel in fuel cells, type and location of fuel cells, length of time at high
45、 altitude flights, temperature of refueled fuel, and time since refueling.SAE INTERNATIONAL AS6285 Page 7 of 38COLD SOAKING: Ice can form even when the outside air temperature (OAT) is well above 0 C (32 F). An aircraft equipped with wing fuel tanks may have fuel that is at a sufficiently low temper
46、ature such that it lowers the wing skin temperature to below the freezing point of water. If an aircraft has been at a high altitude, where cold temperature prevails, for a period of time, the aircrafts major structural components such as the wing, tail, and fuselage will assume the lower temperatur
47、e, which will often be below the freezing point. This phenomenon is known as cold soaking. While on the ground, the cold soaked aircraft will cause ice to form when liquid water, either as condensation from the atmosphere or as rain, comes in contact with cold soaked surfaces.COLD SOAKED CLEAR ICE:
48、This is the formation of ice, normally in the area of the wing fuel tanks, caused by the cold soak effect. Clear ice is very difficult to be detected visually and may break loose during or after takeoff, and poses a hazard particularly to aircraft with rear fuselage mounted engines.COLD SOAKED FUEL
49、FROST: This is the formation of frost, normally in the area of the wing fuel tanks, caused by the cold soak effect.COLD SOAKED WING ICE/FROST: Water, visible moisture, or humidity forming ice or frost on the wing surface, when the temperature of the aircraft wing surface is at or below 0 C (32 F).CONTAMINATION: Contamination is defined as all forms of frozen or semi-frozen deposits on an aircraft, such as frost, snow
