1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AS4970AEROSPACESTANDARDAS4970 Issued 1999-12 Reaffirmed 2011-12 Human Factor Conside
5、rations for Outdoor Laser Operationsin the Navigable Airspace RATIONALEThis document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-year Review policy. FOREWORDThe SAE G-10T Committee has met over 30 times during the past 4 years with 17 different agencies to identify the issues, technologies, and ope
6、rational capabilities of outdoor laser shows in navigable airspace. This information was requested by the FAA to assist in developing FAA Order 7400.2D “Recommended Interim Guidelines” (RIGs) and the current development of FAAs Advisory Circular 90-XX, “Laser Operations in the National Airspace Syst
7、em”. These two documents, along with the ANSI Z136.6, “Standards for the Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors”, document will be interfaced with AS4970, “Laser Operations in Navigable Airspace” to provide in-depth reference documents for outdoor laser operations.This document will provide recommendations and
8、 guidance in the following areas: 1. Flashblindness, afterimage and glare 2. Temporary Vision Loss (TVL) during critical phases of flight causing: distraction, disruption, disorientation and temporary incapacitation 3. Laser flight zone maximum exposure limits for airspace volumes 4. Risk analysis f
9、or outdoor operations 5. Laser beam measurement techniques 6. Atmosphere propagation 7. Aircrew laser protocol 8. Laser forms for request of operation, configuration description and measurement tables 9. Automated devices 10. Scientific/research laser operations 11. Airspace diagrams for flight zone
10、 limitations SAE AS4970 Page 2 of 78 FOREWORD (CONTINUED) This document was prepared by the SAE G-10T Laser Hazards Subcommittee by the following individuals: Document Sponsor: Capt. C.W. Connor, Ph.D. Distinguished SAE G-10 Committee Member Contributions Robert Aldrich Jim Maurstad Lt. Col. Ken Bur
11、ke Lt. Col. Leon McLin, O.D. Col. Robert Cherry Patrick Murphy William J. Cox Van B. Nakagawara, O.D. Jerome Dennis Phillip J. Nessler Archie Dillard, Ph.D. Jay Parkinson Howard Donovan J. Gregory Rockwell William Ertle David H. Sliney, Ph.D. Capt. Becky Howell L. Dale Smith James Karanian Steve Tuc
12、ker Kenneth Keppler Sheldon Zimmerman William Lange Anthony Zmorenski Gregory Makhov SAE AS4970 Page 3 of 78 INTRODUCTIONIn the early 1990s, outdoor laser light shows began to proliferate throughout the USA. While these shows were spectacular and entertaining, some were located near commercial airpo
13、rts and were involved with aircrew laser illuminations. Commercial off the shelf (COTS) and commercial outdoor shows demonstrated a potential hazard to aircraft operations. The threat to aircraft was no longer limited to military-developed laser systems. The SAE G-10T Laser Hazards subcommittee was
14、formed to address the issues of laser hazards in navigable airspace, and develop guidance standards and procedures to safely operate outdoor laser light shows in proximity of airport operations and other enroute navigable airspace. Other areas of laser operations that address scientific/research ope
15、rations are included in this document (i.e., satellite tracking/astronomical telescope operation). SAE AS4970 Page 4 of 78 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE .52. REFERENCES 53. DEFINITIONS64. BACKGROUND 155. RECOMMENDATIONS.156. LASER SAFETY ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS167. PREVENTIVE METHO
16、DS 208. NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES .21 9. ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION2710. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR OUTDOOR LASER APPLICATIONS27APPENDIX A EXAMPLES OF FORMS FOR USE IN LASER OPERATIONS 35 APPENDIX B DATA TABLES50APPENDIX C CALCULATIONS USED IN LASER OPERATIONS APPROVAL PROCESS57APPENDIX D LAS
17、ER INCIDENT FORM AND QUESTIONNAIRE70APPENDIX E AIRPORT DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING FLIGHT ZONES .74SAE AS4970 Page 5 of 78 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a method for protecting the navigable airspace around airports from unwanted laser illuminations and a procedure for proponents to s
18、eek approval from regulatory agencies for operations of various classes of laser devices and their applications within this volume of airspace. This document also provides a system of data disclosure deemed necessary for a regulatory agency to determine the potential safety effect of proposed outdoo
19、r laser activities upon flight operations within the defined airspace. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to establish a standard protocol for safe co-existence of aircraft operations and various types of ground-based laser operations within the navigable airspace. It also provides a method
20、 for flight crews to report in-flight illuminations to their respective regulatory authorities. 2. REFERENCES 1. Zimmerman, Sheldon; and Aldrich, Robert; Comparison of Divergence Measurement Techniques for Laser Light Show Application, Proceedings of the Third International Laser Safety Conference,
21、Laser Institute of America, 1997.2. American National Standards Institute Inc., American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers, ANSI Z136.1-1993, 5 February 1993. 3. Marshall, W. J., Focused Laser Beam Hazard Calculations. Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference, Laser Institute
22、of America 1991: 9-33. 4. Thomas, Robert J.; Maier, Dennis A.; Barsalou, Norman; McLin, Leon; Lambert, LeRoy; and Keppler, Kenneth. Laser Light Show Measurement Techniques. 2.1 Related Reading Material 2.1.1 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1 American National Standard for Safe Use
23、of Lasers 2.1.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.6 Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors 2.1.3 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 7400.2 Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters 2.1.4 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Order 7400.2D Recommended Interim Guidelines
24、(RIGS) 2.1.5 Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Research Document (ARD 50059) 2.1.6 Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP 5290) SAE AS4970 Page 6 of 78 3. DEFINITIONS The terms defined are limited to those actually used in this standard and its appendices and are
25、 not intended to constitute a dictionary of terms used in the laser field as a whole. ABSORPTION: Transformation of radiant energy to a different form by interaction with matter. ACCESSIBLE EMISSION LIMIT (AEL): The maximum accessible emission power or energy permitted within a particular class. ACC
26、ESSIBLE RADIATION: Optical radiation to which it is possible for the human eye or skin to be exposed in normal usage.AFTERIMAGE: A reverse contrast shadow image left in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light. ALIGNMENT MODE: Operation of the laser system at the lowest possible power to
27、 enhance safety while conducting beam alignment. APERTURE: An opening through which optical radiation can pass. APPARENT VISUAL ANGLE. The subtended angular width of the source at the viewer distance. It is the apparent angular dimension of the source divided by the viewer distance. It is expressed
28、in radians (rad). ATTENUATION: The decrease in the radiant flux as it passes through an absorbing or scattering medium. AUTHORIZED LASER OPERATOR. A knowledgeable person, present during laser operation, who has been given authority to operate the laser system in compliance with applicable safety sta
29、ndards, subject to recommendations of the LSO.AVERAGE POWER. The total energy imparted during exposure divided by the exposure duration. AVERSION RESPONSE: Closure of the eyelid, or movement of the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant or bright light. In this standard, the aversion respo
30、nse is assumed to occur within 0.25 s, including blink reflex time. BEAM: A collection of light rays emitted from a source that may be parallel, divergent, or convergent. BEAM BACKSTOP: A non-specular material that is opaque to laser radiation of a particular wavelength. An adequate backstop encompa
31、sses the entire laser beam and appropriate buffer area. BEAM DIAMETER: For the purposes of this standard, the beam diameter is the radial distance across the center of a laser beam where the irradiance is 1/e times the center-beam irradiance (or radiant exposure for a pulsed laser). BUFFER ANGLE. An
32、 angle added to the beam divergence or intended laser projection field in order to ensure a protection zone. BUFFER AREA. The projection of the buffer zone around a target, when the ground serves as the beam backstop. BUFFER ZONE. This volume of air surrounding the laser beam includes all potential
33、locations of the laser beam, including hazardous diffuse or specular reflections, where the MPE or visual interference levels are exceeded. It includes the beam divergence or scanning extent of the laser beam plus the buffer angle, and the full range of the laser beam to the point where the MPE, or
34、any applicable visual interference level is not exceeded. Natural terrain or beam masks may truncate part of this volume. SAE AS4970 Page 7 of 78 CA: A correction factor, which increases the MPE values in the near-infrared spectral band based upon reduced absorption by the retina. CC: A correction f
35、actor, which increases the MPE values for ocular exposure in the spectral band of 1150 and 1400 nm. CE: A correction factor, which increases the MPE for large sources (sources that exceed 1.5 mrad). CP: A correction factor, which reduces the MPE for repetitively pulsed exposure. COLLIMATED BEAM: Eff
36、ectively, a “parallel“ beam of light with very low divergence. See divergent beam. CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW): The output of a laser that is operated in a continuous rather than a pulsed mode. In this standard, a laser operating with a continuous output for a period 0.25 s is regarded as a CW laser. CONVE
37、RGENT BEAM: See focused beam. CORNEA: The transparent outer coat of the human eye that covers the iris and the crystalline lens. The cornea is the main refracting element of the eye. CRITICAL EXPOSURE DISTANCE. The distance along the beam path of a visible laser source beyond which the local effecti
38、ve irradiance falls below the critical level. CRITICAL LEVEL: The minimum effective irradiance from a visible laser beam that can interfere with critical task performance due to transient visual effects (see 8.3). CRITICAL FLIGHT ZONE (CFZ): Airspace within a 10 nautical mile (NM) radius of the Airp
39、ort Reference Point, up to and including 10,000 ft AGL, where a level of laser light is restricted to avoid flash blindness or afterimage effects. CRITICAL ZONE: Volume of airspace where visual interference by a visible laser beam would compromise safety due to interruption of necessary performance
40、of critical tasks (see Figures E3 and E4). This zone surrounds the laser-free zone. DEMONSTRATION LASER PRODUCT: Any laser product designed or intended for purposes of visual display of laser beams, entertainment, advertising display, or artistic composition (see 21 CFR 1040.10 (b) 13). DIAMETER: Se
41、e beam diameter. DIFFRACTION: Deviation of part of a beam, determined by the wave nature of radiation and occurring when the radiation passes the edge of an opaque obstacle. DISABLING GLARE. Obscuration of an object in a persons field of vision due to a bright light source located near the same line
42、-of-sight. DISRUPTION: Interference or interruption of critical tasks. DISORIENTATION: Losing perspective in the relationship between the direction of travel and surroundings. DIVERGENCE: The divergence is the increase in the diameter of the laser beam with distance from the exit aperture, based on
43、the full angle at the point where the irradiance (or radiant exposure for pulsed lasers) is 1/e times the maximum value.DIVERGENT BEAM: A laser beam that diverges from the exit port at an angle significantly greater than the diffraction limit of the optics system. A divergent beam does not have an e
44、xternal beam waist (not a focused beam). SAE AS4970 Page 8 of 78 EFFECTIVE IRRADIANCE: The actual irradiance multiplied by a factor from Table B5, Appendix B, to correct for visual perception. The effective irradiance can then be compared to the applicable visual interference level. The effective ir
45、radiance multiplied by 683 is the illuminance. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION: The flow of energy consisting of orthogonally vibrating electric and magnetic fields lying transverse to the direction of propagation. This radiation includes optical radiation and also X-rays and radio waves. ELECTRONIC MONIT
46、ORING: A variety of means (other than human observers), such as radar or infrared cameras, for observing the sky to prevent potential illuminations of aircraft by laser beams. ENERGY: The capacity for doing work. Energy content, generally expressed in joules (J), is commonly used to characterize the
47、 output from pulsed lasers. FLASHBLINDNESS: A visual interference effect, which persists after the source of illumination has been removed. FLIGHT ZONES: Areas of airspace specifically designed to mitigate the potential hazardous effect of laser radiation. These areas may not be contiguous or concen
48、tric with other zones. FOCAL LENGTH: The distance from the secondary nodal point of a lens to the primary focal point. In a thin lens, the focal length is the distance between the lens and the focal point for a collimated source of light. FOCAL POINT: The point toward which radiation converges or fr
49、om which radiation diverges or appears to diverge. FOCUSED BEAM. A laser beam shaped to narrow at a distance away from the source. Thus, the beam waist is along the beam path in front of the laser. Lasers that have the beam waist inside the laser cavity or behind the laser are not considered focused in this standard. GAUSSIAN BEAM PROFILE. The profile of a laser beam operating in the lowest transverse mode (TEM00).GLARE. See disabling glare.
