1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、 (outside USA)Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/ARP6161 AEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP6161 Issued 1970-08 Reaffirmed 2017-10 Superseding AIR115
5、1 Flight Compartment Glare RATIONALE ARP6161 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE Five-Year Review policy. FOREWORD This document was originally published as AIR1151. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Purpose . 3 1.2 Goal . 3 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 3 2.1 SAE Publications . 3 2.2 US Government
6、Publications 4 2.3 IESNA Publications . 3 2.4 ANSI Standards 3 2.5 Other Publications . 5 2.6 Definitions . 5 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS . 6 3.1 Perception of Glare . 6 3.1.1 Background Brightness . 6 3.1.2 Brightness of Glare Source . 6 3.1.3 Size of Glare Source . 6 3.1.4 Location of Glare Source in
7、Field of View . 6 3.1.5 Quantity of Glare Sources . 6 3.1.6 Psychological Effects of Glare 6 3.1.7 Physiological Factors of Glare 6 3.2 Examples of Glare Effects 6 3.2.1 Night or Dark Ambient . 7 3.2.2 Day or Bright Ambient . 7 3.3 Sources of Glare . 7 3.3.1 Windshield, Windows, and Canopy 7 3.3.2 I
8、nstrument and Panels 7 3.3.3 Forward and Side Mounted Instruments . 7 3.3.4 Heads Up Displays . 7 3.3.5 Overhead Instruments 7 3.3.6 Pedestal Instruments 8 3.3.7 Surface Reflections . 8 3.3.8 Aircraft Exterior Lights . 8 3.3.9 Environmental Glare Sources . 8 3.3.10 Airport Lights . 8 3.3.11 Aircraft
9、 Interior Lights 8 3.3.12 Passenger Cabin Lights 8 3.3.13 Flight Deck Lights 8 3.3.14 LASER Lights 8 3.3.15 UV and IR Radiation 9 3.3.16 NVIS (Night Visions Imaging Systems) 9 3.4 Recommendations for Mitigating Glare 9 3.4.1 Geometrically Fixed Glare Sources 9 3.4.2 Surface Treatment 9 3.4.3 Light S
10、hields 9 3.4.4 Windshields . 9 3.4.5 Panel and Display Lighting Systems 9 3.4.6 Light Barriers . 10 3.4.7 Sunglasses 10 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6161 Page 2 of 10_ 1. SCOPE This document is a tool for the certifying authority, cockpit designers, instrument suppliers, lighting suppliers, and component su
11、ppliers. It is an aid to understanding and meeting relavant regulatory requirements, particularly those relating to pilot compartment view CFR 25.773(a)(2) and instrument lights 25.1381(a)(2) for glare arising from visible eletromagnetic radiation. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to assi
12、st users in developing and certifying flight compartments that meet the regulatory requirements and to provide for greater levels of flight deck comfort with respect to glare. The guidance herein provides the user with an understanding of potential sources of glare, the effects of glare on the human
13、 visual system, and strategies to mitigate glare in the design and layout of the cockpit. . 1.2 Goal To improve the visual comfort and visual performance on the flight deck and comply with regulatory requirements by increasing awareness of the factors that contribute to glare and providing strategie
14、s to mitigate glare, provide methodology to design and certifying activities, and to improve the understanding, and bring awareness to the intended audience. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE public
15、ations shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supers
16、edes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AMS2521C Coating, Reflec
17、tion-Reducing for Instrument Glasses ARP4103 Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP4392A Lighting, Aircraft Exterior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible TSB 003 Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) Units 2.2 ANSI Standards Available from American National Standards Institu
18、te, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI Z87.1-2003 2.3 IESNA Publications Available from The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 120 Wall Street, New York NY 10005-4001 The IESNA Lighting Handbook” SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6161 Page 3 of 10_
19、2.4 US Government Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. CFR references are available at the Government Printing Office website: http:
20、/www.gpoaccess.gov/crf/index.html. CFR references are available at the FAA home page at: http:/www.acquisition.gov/far STANDARDS MIL-STD-2161B Paint Schemes and Exterior Markings for US Navy and Marine Corp Aircraft MIL-STD-2161B paragraph 5.1.8 “Antiglare.“ MIL-STD-3009 Lighting, Aircraft, Night Vi
21、sion Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible SPECIFICATIONS MIL-C-675 Coating of Glass Optical Elements (Anti-Reflection) MIL-C-14806 Coating, Reflection Reducing, for Instrument Cover Glasses and Lighting Wedges OTHER PUBLICATIONS US DOT FAA Natural Sunlight and Its Association to Aviation Accidents: Freq
22、uency and Prevention Code of the Federal Regulations Title 14, Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 Some applicable sections may include, but are not limited to the following: AC 25-11A FAA Advisory Circular, Electronic Flight Deck Displays AC 25.773-1 FAA Advisory Circular, Pilot Compartment View Design Consid
23、erations Part 25.773(a)(2) Pilot compartment view Part 25.1381(a)(2) Instrument lights Part 25.1382 Halation Part 25.1383 (a)(1) Landing Lights Part 25.1401(a)(1) Anti Collision Light Systems Part 25,1403 Wing, Icing Detection Lights Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 1040, Subpart J Part 10
24、40.10 Radiological Health, Performance Standards for Light Emitting Products SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6161 Page 4 of 10_ 2.5 Other Publications “The Science of Seeing“ - M. Luckiesh This is a 1930 document; delete or replace with more recent document related to the science of seeing. “Glare and Driver V
25、ision Report“ Contract FH-11-6550 National Highway Safety Bureau. Delete or replace with more recent document. “Glare and Driver Vision“ Contract FH-11-6549 National Highway Safety Bureau. Delete or replace with more recent document. USA Standard Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Enginee
26、ring. This document should have a glossary for the most significant terms and refer to CIE or IES for additional definitions. 2.6 Definitions BLINDING GLARE: Blinding glare is glare which is so intense that for an appreciable length of time no object can be seen. DIRECT GLARE: Direct glare is glare
27、resulting from high brightnesses or insufficiently shielded light sources in the field of view or from reflecting areas of high brightness. It usually is associated with bright areas, such as luminous ceilings and windows which are outside the visual task or region being viewed. However, small light
28、 sources may also contribute significant amounts of direct glare - for example, the sun from the exterior, visual signals, etc. DISABILITY GLARE: Disability glare is glare which reduces visual performance and visibility and often is accompanied by discomfort. Disability glare models such as those de
29、veloped by Stiles back in the 50s and improved upon by the CIE and others account for illuminance on the retina and the resulting ocular scatter DISCOMFORT GLARE: Discomfort glare is glare which produces discomfort. It does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibility. GLARE: Glar
30、e is the sensation produced by brightnesses within the visual field that are sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to reduce contrast and cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility and could potentially be distracting to the observer. HA
31、LATION: Scattering of a light beam beyond its proper boundaries, causing a bright ring or halo surrounding an object or beam of light. REFLECTED GLARE: Reflected glare is glare resulting from specular reflections of high brightness from polished or glossy surfaces in the field of view. It usually is
32、 associated with reflections from within a visual task or areas in close proximity to the region being viewed. REFLECTION: Reflection is a change in direction of light rays at a transition between elements of different media or optical elements with differing indices of refraction, that causes the l
33、ight rays to change direction and remain in their original medium. SPECULAR REFLECTION: Specular reflection is a particular type of reflection that causes incident light rays to depart the transition between elements at an angle equal and opposite to the incident angle. VEILING BRIGHTNESS: Veiling b
34、rightness is a brightness superimposed on the retinal image which reduces its contrast. This veiling effect, produced by bright sources or areas in the visual field, results in decreased visual performance and visibility. VISIBILITY: Visibility is the quality or state of being perceivable by the eye
35、. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6161 Page 5 of 10_ 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Perception of Glare Direct and reflected glare in the field of vision reduces the conspicuity of visual tasks. Reduced conspicuity can adversely affect the accuracy and time to interpret visual information. The factors discussed i
36、n this section relate to the perception of glare. 3.1.1 Background Brightness A source of glare has more effect on vision when the background brightness is low. 3.1.2 Brightness of Glare Source The higher the brightness of the glare source, the greater the effect. 3.1.3 Size of Glare Source The larg
37、er the glare source, the greater the effect. 3.1.4 Location of Glare Source in Field of View The nearer the glare source to the seeing task or to being in line with the seeing task, the greater the effect. Veiling brightness is the result of glare sources in the field of view. 3.1.5 Quantity of Glar
38、e Sources The greater the quantity of glare sources, the greater the effect. The obscuring effects of multiple glare sources are additive. 3.1.6 Psychological Effects of Glare In addition to reducing visibility and visual performance, glare can cause annoyance, distraction, confusion, fatigue and di
39、scomfort such as headaches. A rhythmic glare occurrence, or flicker, at low frequency (8 to 12 hertz) such as reflected glare caused by scattered clouds, flashing lights, propellers, or helicopter blades, can have an irritating effect with possible extreme anxiety, vertigo, disorientation, or, in th
40、ose so pathophysiologically predisposed, convulsions. Further, a low grade glare environment may reduce visibility and visual performance without operator awareness of degradation. Glare may also reduce the pilots scan of required areas by his subconscious avoidance of the glare area. Long term expo
41、sure of the flight crews to excessive glare has been linked to physiological long-term eye damage. In addition to reducing visibility, glare sources in the field of view can also cause fatigue. 3.1.7 Physiological Factors of Glare Numerous physiological and human factors influence the perception of
42、glare including a pilots age, visual acuity, and physical build (as it relates to eye height relative to cockpit reference points). Seeing aids, such as eyeglasses and contacts, also influence the perception of glare. 3.2 Examples of Glare Effects There are two broad categories of glare effects depe
43、nding upon the ambient lighting, and generally relate to day and night. The following paragraphs provide examples for both categories. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP6161 Page 6 of 10_ 3.2.1 Night or Dark Ambient The following are examples of night ambient glare An area light reflecting in a display An area l
44、ight shining on carpet, person, or surface reflecting into a window. Window reflections Mild glare - Light leaks of a paint chip Stray light, glare from integral backlighting (when glare has similar luminance to visibility task display) 3.2.2 Day or Bright Ambient The following are examples of day a
45、mbient glare See AC 25-11A conditions Direct sunlight on display Flying into the sun (directly visible or not). 3.3 Sources of Glare In the aircraft flight compartment there are numerous sources of glare. Many of these are from external sources that are variable and not in the control of the crew or
46、 the aircraft design. Examples of glare sources include: 3.3.1 Windshield, Windows, and Canopy The orientation of these with respect to instrument panels and indicator systems might cause reflected glare conditions from the lighted instruments and panels and indicators. 3.3.2 Instrument and Panels T
47、he instruments and panels can be sources of direct or reflected glare. Light can be reflected off surfaces of the instrument panel to the windows, and other shiny surfaces in the pilots primary field of view. Lights and illuminated displays on the instrument panel, electronic flight bag, etc, can also create glare on those surfaces. 3.3.3 Forward and Side Mounted Instruments Forward and side mounted instruments may reflect light from internal and exterior sources or from light colored shirts and uniforms
