1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2009 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside US
4、A) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5598AEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEARP5598 Issued 2009-11Unauthorized Laser Illuminations: Pilo
5、t Operational Procedures RATIONALESAE G-10 has published a number of documents to address issues associated with the use of lasers in the navigable air spaces. Because lasers have proven to be a significant visual performance hazard to pilots, many operational and human factors issues must be addres
6、sed to develop solutions for the aerospace industry. This document offers a brief overview of the flight hazards associated with laser exposures, identifies areas requiring research necessary to more fully understand the effect of laser exposure on pilot performance, and introduces recommended pract
7、ices to pilots who encounter lasers during flight operations. INTRODUCTIONThe SAE G-10T, the Laser Safety Hazards Subcommittee, was established in 1994 in response to a request from the FAA Administrator, David Henson. The SAE G-10 was tasked to provide input for the revision of the FAAs 7400.2 Proc
8、edures for Handling Airspace Matters, and to produce new guidance in the form of an Advisory Circulars (AC) and other technical material for the aviation industry. As part of our efforts to improve operational safety, the SAE G-10 Committee has worked with 17 different agencies to identify the issue
9、s, technologies, and operational considerations of outdoor laser illuminations in navigable airspace. Products of the SAE G-10T subcommittee have been used for major revisions to FAA Order 7400.2 and the more recently issued FAA Advisory Circulars 70-1. “Laser Operations in the National Airspace Sys
10、tem” and 70-2, “Reporting of Laser Illumination of Aircraft.” Together, these three documents, along with ANZI Z 136.6, “Standards for the Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors,” interface with AS4970, “Human Factors Consideration for Laser Operations in Navigable Airspace” to provide in-depth reference mater
11、ials for outdoor laser operations. SAE ARP5598 Page 2 of 15TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 32. REFERENCES 32.1 FAA Publications . 32.2 SAE Publications . 32.3 ANSI Publications . 33. DEFINITIONS . 34. BACKGROUND: . 55. RECOMMENDATIONS . 75.1 Operational Air Safety Considerations 75.2 Procedure Considerat
12、ions 75.3 Protocol Issues 75.4 Human Factors Issues 75.5 Communication . 85.6 Education 85.7 Training, Simulation, and Recurrent Ground School 85.8 Equipage . 86. RESEARCH: VISUAL IMPAIRMENT DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS. 87. INFORMATIONAL VIDEO ON LASERS 98. STARTLE RESPONSE CATEGORIES THAT AFFECT VISUA
13、L PERFORMANCEDURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS . 99. AIRCREW OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AFTER ENCOUNTERING LASERS . 109.1 Procedures in areas of known authorized outdoor laser activity 119.1.1 Procedures post laser illumination of crewmember/s while landing. 129.2 Departure procedures in areas of known outdoor l
14、aser activityI 129.2.1 Departure procedures post laser illumination . 139.3 Taxi in/out gate procedures in areas of known outdoor laser activity 1310. SUMMARY 1411. NOTES 15FIGURESFIGURE 1. 5FIGURE 2. 6FIGURE 3. . . 6FIGURE 4. . . 9FIGURE 5. 11SAE ARP5598 Page 3 of 151. SCOPE This document addresses
15、 the operational safety and human factors aspects of unauthorized laser illumination events in navigable airspace. The topics addressed include operational procedures, training, and protocols that flight crew members should follow in the event of a laser exposure. Of particular emphasis, this docume
16、nt outlines coping strategies for use during critical phases of flight. Although lasers are capable of causing retinal damage, most laser cockpit illuminations, to date, has been relatively low in irradiance causing primarily startle reactions, visual glare, flashblindnessand afterimages. Permanent
17、eye injuries from unauthorized laser exposures have been extremely rare. This document describes pilot operational procedures in response to the visual disruptions associated with low to moderate laser exposures that pilots are most likely to encounter during flight operations. With education and tr
18、aining, pilots can take actions that safeguard both their vision and the safety of their passengers.2. REFERENCES 2.1 The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publicatio
19、ns shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp
20、tion has been obtained.FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov.FAA Order 7400.2E Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters AC No: 70-1 Outdoor laser operations. December 30, 2004 AC No: 70-2 Rep
21、orting of laser illumination of aircraft. January 11, 2005 2.2 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS4970 Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor La
22、ser Operations in the Navigable AirspaceARP5535 Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace ARP5572 Control Measures for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace 2.3 ANSI Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rdStreet, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-6
23、42-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers (June 2000)ANSI Z136.6 American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors (August 2000)3. DEFINITIONS The terms defined in this section are limited to those actually used in this standard and its app
24、endices and are not intended to constitute a dictionary of terms used in the laser field as a whole.AFTERIMAGE: A reverse contrast shadow image left in the visual field after an exposure to a bright light, similar to the effects of a camera flash. BEAM: A directed stream of optical energy emitted fr
25、om a source that may be parallel, convergent, or divergent. SAE ARP5598 Page 4 of 15CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW): The output of a laser that is operated in a continuous rather than a pulsed mode. In this standard, a laser operating with a continuous output for a period 0.25 s is regarded as a CW laser.CORNE
26、A: The transparent outer coating of the human eye that covers the iris and the crystalline lens. The cornea is the main refracting element of the eye.DISORIENTATION: Losing perspective in the spatial relationship between the direction of travel and surroundings.DISRUPTION: Interference or interrupti
27、on of critical tasks. DISTRACTION: Momentary attention shift from primary tasks. FLASHBLINDNESS: A loss of visual sensitivity from a bright light exposure, which persists after the source of illumination has been removed.GLARE: Obscuration of an object in a persons field of vision due to a bright li
28、ght source located near the object.ILLUMINANCE: A measure of the irradiance on a surface multiplied by a factor to adjust for human visual sensitivity. Measurement units are foot-candle (lumens per square foot) or lux (lumens per square meter).INCAPACITATION: Loss of spatial orientation and loss of
29、spatial awareness in reference to the outside world. Incapacitated flight crew members should immediately transfer control of the aircraft because they can no longer reliably sense the attitude, altitude, or direction of the aircraft.IRRADIANCE: Radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface. U
30、nit: watt per square centimeter (Wcm-2).LASER: A device that produces an intense, coherent, directional beam of light, either visible or invisible, by stimulating electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy levels. LASER is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiat
31、ion.”LASER LIGHT SHOW SYSTEM: A demonstration laser product for producing and redirecting laser beams to create a visual effect. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE (MPE): The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin
32、. In general, MPE is expressed as mW/cm2or mJ/cm2.Selected MPEs for the eye are listed in Tables A1, A2, and A3.NOMINAL OCULAR HAZARD DISTANCE (NOHD): The distance from the laser system beyond which the beam irradiance of the laser does not exceed the MPE for that laser.PILOT FLYING: (PF) The PF wil
33、l monitor/control the aircraft, regardless of the level of automation employed. PILOT MONITORING (PM): The PM will monitor the aircraft and actions of the PF. POWER. The rate at which energy is emitted, transferred, or received. Unit: watts (joules per second).PULSED LASER: A laser that delivers its
34、 energy in individual pulses, lasting less than 0.25 s. See repetitively pulsed laser.SOURCE: A point of origin of laser light or a surface that reflects laser illumination.STARTLE: Startle is the involuntary reaction to an unexpected event that alters mental, physical, and visual activities and div
35、erts selected attention away from the normal primary tasks of the flight crew. TRANSMITTANCE: The ratio of total transmitted radiant power through a medium to total incident radiant power.VISIBLE LASER: For the purposes of this standard, a laser producing light in the wavelength range between 380 an
36、d 780 nanometersthat capable of detection by the human eye SAE ARP5598 Page 5 of 15WAVELENGTH: Term commonly used to provide a numeric description of the perceived color of visible laser radiation. ANSI Z136.1-2000 states that wavelength is the distance between two successive points on a periodic wa
37、ve which have the same phase. 4. BACKGROUND: Starting in the summer of 2004, there was a marked increase in the number of laser illumination incidents across the country not associated with any specific known laser installations or approved entertainment venues. These illuminations of flight crew pe
38、rsonnel occurred while conducting flight operations in terminal areas, and many sightings appeared to originate from elevated structures. In January 2005, the FBI stated that none of these illuminations were known to be a part of an organized air safety threat. Such laser activities, whether intenti
39、onal or unintentional, potentially pose a real safety hazard to flight operations in navigable airspace. Flight crew members are more susceptible to laser effects during night operations. Because lasers have become more compact, cheaper, and more powerful due to technological advances, the number of
40、 lasers in use by the general public has increased dramatically in recent years. Green laser pointers are now available for very low cost (less than $100) and are already in the hands of thousands of consumers unaware of the associated safety risk to flight operations in navigable airspace.Lasers ar
41、e available in a variety of wavelengths, both visible and non-visible. The color of a visible laser depends on the wavelength (Figure 1). The human eye is many times more sensitive to green than red. Lasers may be single pulsed, repetitively pulsed or continuous wave (CW). This document primarily ad
42、dresses procedures and issues in response to the recent unauthorized illumination events of visible lasers in navigable airspace. FIGURE 1. THE SPECTRUM OF VISIBLE LIGHT (380-780 NANOMETERS) REPRESENTS VIOLET, INDIGO,BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW, ORANGE, AND RED TO HUMANS WITH NORMAL COLOR VISION. BY DEFINIT
43、ION, VISIBLE LASERS HAVE OUTPUT LIGHT ENERGY WITHIN THIS RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS. VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS OF 488, 514, 532, 632, 694 NANOMETERS ARE COMMONLY PRODUCED BY LASERSAVAILABLE ON THE MARKET TODAY. Laser threats to flight operations vary from temporary visual deficits, such as glare and flashblindn
44、ess, to permanent eye injuries. Even when irradiance levels are relatively low and visual disruption is minimal, pilots often experience a startle response to laser exposure. The potential of startle, stress, and anxiety to laser exposure may increase the risk to safe flight operations. The possibil
45、ity of retinal damage is low from the lasers used in typical illuminations. Interestingly, evidence from US military studies suggests that the startle response to eye-safe laser irradiance levels can be minimized in pilots who undergo specialized procedural training for recognition and response to l
46、aser exposures. SAE ARP5598 Page 6 of 15Glare has been defined as a hindrance to vision by too much light. It has also been defined as a relatively bright light that degrades vision and may cause discomfort as long as the light is present. Glare amplitude varies greatly from a mild localized area of
47、 obscuration immediately around a light source to an extended obscuration affecting much of the visual field. Common cultural lighting sources, such as stadium lights, produce some degree of visual glare but do not significantly impair flight safety. Assuming equal exposure distance and power output
48、, lasers are more likely to produce visual disturbances at greater range than other types of lights because of their low beam divergence and efficient propagation over great distances.FIGURE 2. SOURCES OF SCATTER FOR THE LASER LIGHT ARE ALL SHOWN IN THIS DIAGRAM. THE ATMOSPHERE, WINDSCREEN, AND INTR
49、AOCULAR SCATTER ALL CONTRIBUTE TO OBSCURATION OF VISION BY LASER LIGHT.Windscreen glare is a special type of glare caused by internal reflection of light within the windscreen optical medium. Windscreens that are scratched, pitted, or dirty are particularly prone to producing this type of glare. This same type of glare is experienced by car drivers with dirty windshields facing oncoming headlights. Figure 2 shows a possible lase
