1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org ARP5435 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 2007-12 APU Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation RATIONALE The SAE EG-1E committee is composed of a cross section of representatives from OEMs, commercial users, repa
5、ir stations and military depots. Based on the inputs from representatives of these various areas of interest, it was concluded that there was a need for a standardized procedure for correlating an APU gas turbine test cell. This paper represents the committees best effort to satisfy the interest of
6、all parties concerned and arrive at a valid realistic correlation procedure. It is the belief of the committee members that this document meets that objective. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 General . 3 1.2 Beneficiaries 3 1.3 Limitations . 3 2. REFERENCES 3 2.1 Applicable Documents 3 2.1.1 SAE Pu
7、blications. 4 2.1.2 ASTM Publications 4 2.2 Other Applicable References 4 2.3 Definitions . 4 3. FACTORS AFFECTING CORRELATION 5 4. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS. 5 4.1 General . 5 4.2 Performance Parameters 6 4.3 Instrumentation Calibration. 6 4.3.1 Hierarchy/Secondary Standards. 6 4.3.2 Traceability 6
8、4.4 Power Extraction Determination . 7 4.5 Factors Affecting Performance Measurement 7 4.5.1 Humidity 7 4.5.2 Engine Inlet Temperature and Pressure. 7 4.5.3 Fuel Properties 9 4.5.4 Dress Kit Hardware. 9 4.5.5 Data Acquisition 9 4.6 Software Verification . 11 5. DESIGNATION OF BASELINE AND REFERENCE
9、FACILITIES 11 5.1 General . 11 5.2 Identification of a Suitable Reference Facility. 11 5.2.1 Alternative Reference Facilities 11 5.3 Uncertainty Stack-Up 11 5.3.1 Reducing Uncertainty 11 5.4 Engine Test Hardware Configuration for Reference Testing 12 6. REFERENCE TEST 12 6.1 General . 12 Copyright S
10、AE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5435 - 2 - 6.2 Preparation and Engine Running 12 6.2.1 Establishing Appropriate Dialogue 12 6.2.2 Ensuring Test Cell Suitability 12 6.2.3 Identifying an ac
11、ceptable Correlation Engine and Dress Kit Configuration 12 6.2.4 Ensuring Validity of Calibration of Test Cell Instruments 13 6.2.5 Reference Facility Engine Performance Test . 13 6.2.6 Shutdown Period. 13 6.2.7 Repeating the Reference Test 14 6.2.8 Repeating the Reference Test with Customer Dress K
12、it Installed . 14 6.2.9 Correcting and Analyzing the Correlation Data 14 6.3 Shipping the Engine to the Customer Facility. 14 7. TEST CELL CORRELATION (CUSTOMER FACILITY). 14 7.1 General . 14 7.2 Preparation and Engine Running 15 7.2.1 Establishing Appropriate Dialogue 15 7.2.2 Ensuring Test Cell Su
13、itability 15 7.2.3 Calibrating the Instrumentation. 15 7.2.4 Pre-correlation Procedure. 15 7.2.5 Performing the Correlation Procedure 15 7.2.6 Shutdown Period. 16 7.2.7 Repeating the Correlation Test. 16 7.2.8 Post-correlation Procedure . 16 7.3 Correcting and Analyzing the Correlation Data 16 7.3.1
14、 Data Validation 17 7.3.2 Performance Shift Determination 17 7.3.3 Correlation Factor Determination 17 8. CORRELATION REPORT 18 8.1 General . 18 9. MAINTENANCE OF TEST CELL CORRELATION 18 9.1 General . 18 9.2 Engine and Test Cell Configuration Control . 19 9.3 Correlation Monitoring and Maintenance
15、19 9.3.1 Trending 19 9.3.2 Periodic Checks 19 9.3.3 Recorrelation. 19 9.3.4 Initial Correlation Requirements 19 9.4 Instrumentation Calibration. 20 9.5 Controlling Changes . 20 9.5.1 Record Keeping 20 9.5.2 Back-to-Back Testing 20 9.6 Test Cell Equipment and Facility Maintenance. 20 Copyright SAE In
16、ternational Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5435 - 3 - 1. SCOPE 1.1 General This paper describes a recommended practice and procedure for the correlation of test cells that are used for the performance te
17、sting of APU (auxiliary power unit) engines. Test cell correlation is performed to determine the effect of any given test cell enclosure and equipment on the performance of an engine relative to the baseline performance of that engine. The baseline performance is generally determined at the OEM desi
18、gnated test facility. 1.2 Beneficiaries This recommended practice will benefit the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), commercial users, repair stations and military depots as well as intermediate level maintenance activities. Specific cases in which the information contained herein will be benef
19、icial are: a. As an aid for providing correlation of test cell data between engine and airframe companies supporting commercial and military requirements. b. As an aid for providing military maintenance facilities and commercial repair stations a method by which to correlate test cells. c. As an aid
20、 in establishing correlation practices for new test cells, for updating, and maintaining existing test cells. d. As an aid to an engine manufacturers facility in correlation of test cells used for engine development and acceptance in accordance with the applicable engine model specification. 1.3 Lim
21、itations Known methods of determining test cell correlation factors include, but are not limited to, the following: a. Back-to-back b. Cross-cell c. Correlation engine The “correlation engine“ procedure is the recommended and most common method for the correlation of an engine test cell. This paper
22、is limited to the discussion of this one method. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on
23、 the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. Copyright
24、SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5435 - 4 - 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and C
25、anada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. ARP741 Turbofan and Turbojet Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation ARP4755 Turboshaft/Turboprop Gas Turbine Engine Test Cell Correlation SAE Paper 801124 A Forward Look at Gas Turbine Testing Facilities. Webb, W.L. 1980. 2.1.2 ASTM Publications A
26、vailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. Annual Book of ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Standards. 1992. Section 5, Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels. Volumes 05.01, 05.02,
27、05.03. 2.2 Other Applicable References Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) 1984. Operation and Performance Measurement on Engines in Sea Level Test Facilities. AGARD-LS-132. Detroit Diesel Allison (DDA). 1978. Test Stand Correlation. Detroit Diesel Allison Assurance Work In
28、struction No.17-217. Krengel, J.H. 1981. Air-Breathing Engine Test Facilities Register. AGARD-AG-122. Measurement Uncertainty Handbook (AEDC TR-73-5) Mitchell, J.G. 1988. Comparability Tests in the International Turbine Engine Test Facilities. AIAA-88-3020. (American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast
29、ronautics) Rolls Royce Ltd. 1985. Approval of Engine Test Facilities. Rolls Royce Company Quality Control Report (CQC) No.116. United States Air Force. 1984. Test Cell Correlation Set Technical Manual: Operation, Maintenance and Parts Breakdown. United States Air Force Technical Order (TO) 33DA-6- 2
30、61. 2.3 Definitions The following list defines the terms and phrases used in this document: BACK-TO-BACK: A test performed with the same engine before and after a modification to the facility or associated equipment. BASELINE FACILITY: A facility designated as the standard for certification of an en
31、gine. CALIBRATION: The comparison of a particular instrument or system with a standard of known accuracy. CORRELATION: The comparison of engine performance parameters measured on a common engine tested in two test facilities, where one facility is the reference. CORRELATION ENGINE: An engine of know
32、n and repeatable performance used for test cell correlation. CORRELATION FACTOR: A multiplier or delta used where appropriate to adjust for the difference in performance between the customer facility and a reference facility, also known as a “correction factor“ or a “facility modifier“. Copyright SA
33、E International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5435 - 5 - CROSS-CELL: The comparison of engine performance parameters measured on a common engine, which is not necessarily a correlation engine, in at lea
34、st two previously correlated test cells for the purpose of checking facility correlation of a third test cell. CUSTOMER FACILITY: The test facility which is to be correlated against the reference facility. ENGINE DRESS KIT: Typically consists of aerodynamic hardware, accessories, and test instrument
35、ation required to permit operation of the engine in the test cell. INDOOR TEST CELL: A facility for the testing of gas turbine engines in a restricted environment. OUTDOOR TEST STAND: An open air facility, without any enclosure, for testing engines. REFERENCE FACILITY: A test facility of known perfo
36、rmance, traceable to the designated baseline facility, against which the customers facility is compared. TEST FACILITY (TEST CELL): An area in which a gas turbine engine is operated to determine its performance and other information as required by a given test. 3. FACTORS AFFECTING CORRELATION The f
37、ollowing factors may affect the correlation of an engine test cell: a. Configuration of the test cell, particularly the inlet, augmenter tube and exhaust stack configurations b. Engine position in the test cell c. Ambient conditions d. Instrumentation: calibration, location, measurement accuracy, an
38、d quantity e. Test cell power measurement system consisting of bleed air and/or shaft power f. Testing procedures g. Data acquisition system h. Fuel properties i. Engine dress kit 4. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS 4.1 General The primary function of the engine test facility is to obtain proper performance
39、 evaluation of an engine. The test facility and test configuration must provide a stable test environment conducive to stable operation of the engine. All test facilities create an environment which influences the data obtained during testing. This is particularly true of indoor ground level test ce
40、lls. In addition, the engine test configuration including the engine dress kit influences the data taken during testing. Variation in test facilities and engine test configurations cause differences, in measured engine performance. The test cell correlation provides the means to quantify these diffe
41、rences, to understand them, to reduce them whenever possible, and to establish the appropriate cell correlation factors. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP5435 - 6 - 4.2 Performa
42、nce Parameters A variety of performance parameters should be examined in the process of test cell correlation. This list may include, but is not limited to: a. Engine fuel flow b. Engine power extraction consisting of bleed air and/or shaft power c. Engine speed(s) d. Engine pressures and temperatur
43、es e. Engine inlet conditions f. Test cell temperatures and pressures g. Engine vibrations h. Engine variable geometry system (where applicable) 4.3 Instrumentation Calibration The engine test facility is an article of test equipment and as such requires appropriate design and calibration of measure
44、ment systems. The importance of proper calibration of the test cell and its instruments cannot be overemphasized. This procedure firmly establishes the uncertainty of the individual instrument and system measurements. Rather than accept the reading of an instrument, it is essential to make a calibra
45、tion check to verify the validity of the measurements. In most cases an end-to-end calibration of a measurement system is better than removing an instrument from the test cell and calibrating it in an instrument shop. However, periodic calibration of individual instruments, either performed in place
46、 or in the instrumentation shop is necessary. For example, a pressure measurement may be affected by a leak or liquids in a pressure line; electrical measurements may be disturbed by noise, or by wiring flaws; liquid flowmeters are affected by turbulence in the liquid. Many such conditions can be de
47、tected during calibration, and should be corrected before the final calibration curves are established. 4.3.1 Hierarchy/Secondary Standards In the United States of America the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has the primary responsibility for maintaining the standard units of l
48、ength, mass, time, temperature, and electrical quantities. Other nations have comparable standards bodies. Instruments used as transfer standards should have calibrations traceable to a national standard. Prior common practice required a secondary or transfer standard have an uncertainty at least fo
49、ur times better than the instrument being calibrated. It is increasingly more difficult to achieve this hierarchy of secondary standards with the development of low uncertainty electronic equipment. The transfer standard, in this case, should have an uncertainty equal to or better than the working instrument.
