1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、 Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org ARP4418 REV. A AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 1995-08 Revised 2008-01 Superseding ARP4418 (R) Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine and APU Generated Contaminants in Bleed Air Supplies from Aircraft
5、 Engines RATIONALE This document is the required 5 year review and revision document. Since the original draft was introduced in 1995 significant changes have transpired in the formation of aircraft cabin air quality specifications and standards. This document reflects the most current standard reco
6、mmendations for aircraft cabin air quality which have been drafted by ASD-STAN for use within the European States, but also incorporates information from NIOSH recommendation. Acceptable engine generated contaminant limits are inherently lower than allowable cabin contaminant levels, to ensure that
7、contaminant levels are maintained below maximum allowable levels during aircraft operation. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Purpose. 3 2. REFERENCES 3 2.1 Applicable Documents 3 2.1.1 SAE Publications. 3 2.1.2 FAA Publications. 3 2.1.3 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 3 2.1.4 European Aircraft Cabi
8、n Air Quality Standards 4 2.1.5 European Regulations 4 2.1.6 U.S. Department of Defense Publications 4 2.1.7 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Publications. 4 2.1.8 ASTM Publications 4 2.1.9 ASHRAE Publications. 4 2.1.10 NIOSH Publications 5 2.1.11 USEPA Publications 5 2.2 Definitions .
9、5 2.3 Acronyms and Unit Symbols. 6 3. RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATION LIMITS OF CONTAMINANTS 8 3.1 Bleed Air Quality Requirements 8 4. METHODOLOGY 9 4.1 Test Format. 9 4.1.1 Engine Test Program 9 4.1.2 Engine-Inlet Measurements 9 4.1.3 Data Acquisition 9 4.2 Test Description 10 4.2.1 Test Approach and Com
10、pliance . 10 4.2.2 Method of Compliance 10 4.2.3 Evidence of Compliance . 10 4.2.4 Test Setup. 10 4.3 Test Procedure 10 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revision A - 2 - 4.
11、3.1 Engine Installation. 10 4.3.2 Air Sampling 10 4.3.3 Bleed Air Quality Test Procedure 11 4.3.4 Analysis. 12 4.3.5 Data Reduction . 12 4.3.6 Engineering Data 12 5. REVISIONS. 12 6. NOTES 12 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networkin
12、g permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revision A - 3 - 1. SCOPE Aircraft propulsion engine and APU manufacturers shall demonstrate that air provided to the aircraft cabin is of acceptable quality. This ARP provides the basic information required to perform an engine bleed air quality
13、certification test. This document provides the recommended levels and describes the measurement procedures required for the quantification of gaseous and particulate contaminants, which may be present in aircraft engine bleed air. 1.1 Purpose Recommended techniques for engine sampling and sample tra
14、nsfer are given, together with specific analytical methodology, for each of the contaminants listed in Section 3. Recommendations are also made for an engine test format and for the allowance of ambient air quality on the measured engine contaminant concentration levels. The list and recommended lim
15、its of contaminants in Table 1 are considered appropriate for the certification and passenger safety requirements of both civil and military aircraft. If testing is performed on the aircraft, the operator should be aware that other sources of contamination may be present. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicabl
16、e Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text o
17、f this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warre
18、ndale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR1539 Environmental Control System Contamination ARP1796 Engine Bleed Air Systems for Aircraft 2.1.2 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue,
19、 SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov. See Section 2.1.3 2.1.3 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Available from the United States Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401, Tel: 202-512-0000, www.gpoaccess.gov. Title 14, CFR Part 23 Airworthine
20、ss Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes Title 14, CFR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-S
21、AE ARP4418 Revision A - 4 - 2.1.4 European Aircraft Cabin Air Quality Standards Available from ASD-STAN, Gulledelle 94-b.5, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.aecmastan.org/standards/ EngineStandard.asp. PrEN 4618 Aerospace Series - Aircraft Internal Air Quality Standards, Criteria, and Determinat
22、ion Methods 2.1.5 European Regulations Available from European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53, D-50452 Koeln, Germany, Tel: +49-221-8999-000, www.easa.eu.int. CS-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic & Commuter Aeroplanes CS-25 Large Aeroplanes Certification Standard CS APU-320 Bleed Air Contamin
23、ation CS E-690 Contamination Tests of Bleed Air for Cabin Pressurization or Ventilation 2.1.6 U.S. Department of Defense Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.d
24、aps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. USAF AFOSH STD 48-8 Controlling Exposures to Hazardous Materials. Replaces AFOSH Standard 161-8. 2.1.7 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Publications Available from U.S. Department of Labor/OSHA, OSHA Publications, P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, Tel:
25、 202-693-1888, www.osha.gov/pls/publications/pubindex.list. Title 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances 2.1.8 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM D 5466 Stand
26、ard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air by Pumped Sorbent Tube and Thermal Desorption 2.1.9 ASHRAE Publications Available from ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N E, Atlanta, GA 30329, Tel: 404-636-8400, www.ashrae.org. ASHRAE 959RP Determine Aircraft Supply Air Contaminants
27、 in the Engine Bleed Air Supply System on Commercial Aircraft, 1999/2000. ASHRAE Insights 2/07/01. 2001 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, Chapter 12 and Chapter 37, ISBN 1-883413-87-7 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted
28、 without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revision A - 5 - 2.1.10 NIOSH Publications Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402 and the National Technical Information Services, Springfield VA 22161, http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/. NIOSH Manual of Anal
29、ytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Respirable: Method 0600, Issue 3 dated January 15, 1998 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition Barton, Paul, NIOSH/DPSE, “Chapter G, Aerosol Photometers for Respirable Dust Measurements, pp 63-69 NIOSH Ma
30、nual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition Barton, Paul, NIOSH/DPSE “Chapter O, Factors Affecting Aerosol Sampling,” pp 184-207 2.1.11 USEPA Publications USEPA Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center, contains procedures including EPA TO-11A, TO-13A, TO-15A, http:/www.epa.gov/ttn/amt
31、ic. 2.2 Definitions AEROSOLS: A suspension in a gaseous medium of solid particles, liquid particles or solid and liquid particles having a negligible falling velocity (ISO 1995). BLEED AIR: Air from outside the plane entering the cabin after having been processed through an engine compressor, turbo
32、compressor and/or air conditioning units. ENGINE GENERATED CONTAMINANTS: Those substances produced directly by the engine, including those formed by thermal degradation within the engine. The compounds listed in Section 4 are representative marker compounds from the various subsets of potential engi
33、ne-generated contaminants. It is assumed that if levels of marker compounds are within specifications, then levels of all other potential engine-generated contaminants will also be within acceptable levels. EXPOSURE: Exposure to a chemical is the contact of that chemical with the outer boundary of t
34、he human body. The outer boundary of the human body is the skin and the openings into the body such as the mouth, the nostrils and punctures and lesions in the skin (WHO, 1999). FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID): A hydrogen-air diffusion-flame detector, that produces a signal nominally proportional to
35、 the mass-flow rate of hydrocarbons entering the flame, and responsive to the number of carbon atoms entering the flame. PARTS PER MILLION BY VOLUME (ppmV): 106 v/V where v = volume of test gas in mixture in liters, and V is volume of the mixture in liters. SYNTHETIC OIL (LUBRICANT): A mixture of es
36、ters of fatty acids with the general empirical formula of CxHyOzand a molecular mass of approximately 600 kg/kmol (or g/gmol). TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA): As defined by NIOSH or ACGIH: A measured mean concentration of a single toxicant over a given period of time. THRESHOLD-LIMIT VALUE (TLV): As de
37、fined by NIOSH or ACGIH: An acceptable concentration of a single contaminant, where the level is not to be exceeded in an 8 h period. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revis
38、ion A - 6 - VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) - Two definitions are available: Based on chemical composition (France) where C + H are present (and where O can replace H, though CH4, CO and CO2are excluded). Based on vapor pressure 10 Pa or 13 Pa (U.S. EPA). The U.S. EPA has published a list of 318 dif
39、ferent VOCs. SEMI VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SVOCs): Defined as having a lower vapor pressure than VOCs and non-volatile organic compounds, and are characterized by an extremely low vapor pressure of a fraction of a Pa. 2.3 Acronyms and Unit Symbols AC - Advisory Circular (FAA/EASA) AFOSH - Air For
40、ce Occupational Safety and Health AIR - Aerospace Information Report (SAE) APU - Auxiliary Power Unit ARP - Aerospace Recommended Practice (SAE) AS - Aerospace Standard (SAE) ASD-STAN - Aerospace and Defense Industries Association of Europe Standards Organization ASHRAE - American Society for Heatin
41、g, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials CAS - Chemical Abstract Services CFR - Code of Federal Regulations CO - Carbon Monoxide CO2- Carbon Dioxide CS - Certification Standard CPC - Condensation Particle Counter DNPH - acidified 2, 4-dinitrop
42、henylhydrazine DODSSP - Department of Defense Single Stock Point EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency EPA - Environmental Protection Agency FAA - Federal Aviation Administration (USA) FAR- Federal Airworthiness Regulations FR - Federal Register Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under lic
43、ense with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revision A - 7 - GC/MS - Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry HP - High Pressure hPA - Hecto Pascal HPLC - High Performance Liquid Chromatography ISO - International Standard Organization LP -
44、 Low Pressure LPC - Laser Particle Counter m - Meter MEK - Methyl Ethyl Ketone mg - Milligram mm Hg - Millimeters of Mercury (Pressure) NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDIR - Non Dispersive Infra Red Spectroscopy NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OSHA
45、 - Occupational Safety and Health Administration Pa - Pascal ppm - Parts per Million PTFE - Polytetrafluoroethylene SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers SMPS - Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit TLV - Threshold Limit Value TWA - Time Weighted Average m - Micron/Microm
46、eter USAF - United States Air Force VOC - Volatile Organic Compound Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4418 Revision A - 8 - 3. RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATION LIMITS OF CONTAMINANTS 3.
47、1 Bleed Air Quality Requirements Table 1 lists marker compounds for sampling and analysis to demonstrate acceptability of engine generated bleed air, as found in AIR4766. The marker compounds listed in the table include marker compounds for potential contaminants identified in prEN4618. The compound
48、s in Table 1 and their maximum allowable concentrations are at or below the maximum allowable levels allowed in the following aircraft certification requirements: FAA 14CFR Part 25.831. CS 25.831 CFR Title 29, Chapter XVII, Section 1910.1000 TABLE 1 - MARKER COMPOUNDS TO BE SAMPLED AND ANALYZED FOR THE BLEED AIR QUALITY TEST -CAS No. Compound and Relationship to Reference Limits mg/M3(ppmV) 14CFR 25.831/ CS 25 Test Technique 75-07-0 Acetaldehyde (prEN4618 limit) 18 10 DNPH-HPLC 107-02-8 Acrolein (prEN4618 limit) 0.5 0.2 DNPH-HPL
