1、 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising ther
2、efrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this
3、publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-49
4、70 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/ARP1804B AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP1804 REV. B Issued 1983-04 Reaffirmed 2011-05 Revis
5、ed 2017-06 Superseding ARP1804A Electric Baggage/Cargo Tractor RATIONALE Minor update to accommodate 24 VDC auxiliary electrical systems and integrated drive axles. References to specific paragraphs in related SAE documents were removed as they could change in revisions of those documents. 1. SCOPE
6、This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) outlines the design and performance requirements for a battery-powered electric tow tractor for the handling of baggage or cargo trailers in airline service. The use of “shall” in this document indicates a mandatory requirement. The use of “should” indic
7、ates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect o
8、n the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE P
9、ublications Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR1316 Airline Tow Tractor - Baggage/Cargo Factors for Design Consideration AIR1375 Minimum Safety Requirements for Special Pur
10、pose Airline Ground Support Equipment AIR1898 Maintenance of Batteries and Battery Charging and Servicing Facilities ARP1247 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment - General Requirements ARP1328 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Vehicle - Wind Stability Determination ARP1817 Battery Industrial, Lead-Acid
11、 Type, for Use in Electric Powered Ground Support Equipment ARP1892 Electrical Connectors for Use in Battery Powered Ground Support Equipment SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1804B Page 2 of 13 AS4828 Technical Manual Requirements for Ground Support Equipment SAE J163 Low Tension Wiring and Cable Terminals and
12、Splice Clips SAE J377 Vehicular Traffic Sound Signaling Devices (Horns) SAE J551-1 Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (16.6 Hz to 18 GHz) SAE J551-12 Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity - On-Board Transmitter Simu
13、lation SAE J561 Electrical Terminals - Eyelet and Spade Type SAE J858 Electrical Terminals Blade Type SAE J1127 Low Voltage Battery Cable SAE J1128 Low Voltage Primary Cable SAE J1654 Unshielded High Voltage Primary Cable SAE J1673 High Voltage Automotive Wiring Assembly Design SAE J1690 Flashers SA
14、E J1742 Connections for High Voltage On-Board Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harnesses - Test Methods and General Performance Requirements 2.2 ANSI Accredited Publications Copies of these documents are available online at http:/webstore.ansi.org/. ASME/ANSI B56.9 Safety Standard for Operator Controlled I
15、ndustrial Tow Tractors ANSI/NEMA No. 250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum) 2.3 CiA Publications Available from CAN in Automation, AM Weichselgarten 26, DE-91058 Erlangen (Germany) . CiA Standard 418 CANOpen: Device Profile for Battery Modules CiA Standard 419 CANOpen: Device P
16、rofile for Battery Charger 2.4 EN Publications Available from CEN, Comit Europen de Normalisation, Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, www.cen.eu or any European national standardization institutes, members of C.E.N. EN12312-15 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment - Specific Requirements - Part
17、 15: Baggage and Equipment Tractors (considered mandatory in the European Union in application of its Machinery Directive) SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1804B Page 3 of 13 2.5 IATA Publications Available from International Air Transport Association, Publications Assistant, 800 Place Victoria, P.O. Box 113, M
18、ontreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1, Canada, Tel: 1-514-874-0202, www.iata.org. AHM 916 Basic Requirements for Ground Support Equipment Towing Interface AHM 968 Functional Specification for Ramp Equipment Tractors 2.6 National Fire Protection Agency Publications Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
19、 MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, www.nfpa.org. NFPA No. 505 Standard for Use, Maintenance and Operation of Industrial Trucks. Fire Safety for Powered Industrial Trucks 2.7 UL Publications Available from UL, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, Tel: 847-272-8800, . UL 583 Electric-Battery
20、-Powered Industrial Trucks 2.8 U.S. Government Copies of these documents are available online at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil. MIL-STD-461E Electromagnetic Interference Characteristic Requirements for Equipment 3. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 3.1 The tractor shall comply with all performance requirements over t
21、he full range of environmental factors specified in ARP1247. 3.2 The tractor shall comply with the requirements of ARP1328. 3.3 Electrical System The electrical system shall consist of an appropriate size and type of traction battery pack powering a compatible electric motor(s) through an electronic
22、 controller(s) to produce smooth acceleration and operation. Traction battery voltage should reflect the best design for duty cycle, vehicle speed, tractive effort and minimum current losses. The traction battery charger shall be appropriately selected to properly charge the traction battery and mee
23、t the requirements of the particular application. 3.3.1 Traction Battery 3.3.1.1 The traction battery should comply with the requirements of ARP1817. A single battery should be provided of size and capacity to satisfy performance and accessory requirements. Operational characteristics should also be
24、 considered when selecting the proper battery, such as the average amp-hour draw, any non-gassing requirements, available maintenance personnel and facilities. The vehicle manufacturer shall provide the battery manufacturers specifications, including the 1-hour and 3-hour discharge rating of the tra
25、ction battery (in ampere-hours), and shall specify the operating time (in hours) which the battery will support, assuming the vehicle is operating continuously at 6.2 mph (10 kph) with a 14-ton dolly. 3.3.1.2 Means of restraining the traction battery in the lateral and longitudinal directions shall
26、be provided. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1804B Page 4 of 13 3.3.1.3 Vehicle manufacturer should supply battery manufacturers recommended traction battery charging algorithm. 3.3.1.4 Vehicle manufacturer should supply traction battery maintenance requirements. 3.3.1.5 Vehicle manufacturer shall indicate the
27、 depth of discharge below which the traction battery should not be discharged. 3.3.1.6 The traction battery shall be protected by a cover, which can support one load of 250 pounds, applied to any 1 ft2(10.5 kg to any 1 m2) of the cover. 3.3.1.7 The traction battery and traction battery compartment s
28、hall be designed such that electrolyte from the battery is captured in an auxiliary tray or the battery tray and not allowed to drain onto the ground, corrode parts of the tractor, create acid paths for current to flow to the chassis. 3.3.1.8 Battery cable connectors shall be located such that they
29、create no danger of igniting gases expelled during battery charging. The location should also be convenient for charging while not subject to damage during battery removal or installation. 3.3.1.9 Manufacturer shall supply an MSDS for the battery and any materials used in the tractor that would not
30、typically be found in an automotive shop. 3.3.2 Propulsion System 3.3.2.1 The electronic controller(s) and motor(s) shall be sized for the application and shall limit maximum battery discharge as specified in 3.3.1.5 to prevent degradation of battery life and abrupt loss of tractor operability. Such
31、 limit shall be adjustable, repeatable, and accurate within 10% battery state of charge. 3.3.2.2 All wiring and components used in the high voltage propulsion system shall be of a “two-wire” design (battery negative above chassis ground) and sized in compliance with SAE J1673. 3.3.2.3 Vehicles shall
32、 not contain exposed conductors, terminals, contact blocks or devices of any type that create the potential for personnel to be exposed to greater than 60 V (nominal battery voltage) (the distinction between low voltage and high voltage, as specified in SAE J1127). Access to any high voltage compone
33、nts shall require the removal of at least one bolt, screw, cover, or latch. Devices considered to be high voltage components shall be clearly marked as HIGH VOLTAGE. These markings should be installed at any point the voltage can be accessed by the end user. Additionally, cable and wire marking shal
34、l consist of orange wire and/or orange sleeves as required by SAE J1127. 3.3.2.4 All HIGH VOLTAGE (60 V) cable shall comply with the requirements of SAE J1654. All low voltage cable shall comply with the requirements of SAE J1127 or SAE J1128 as applicable. 3.3.2.5 HIGH VOLTAGE (60 V) connectors sho
35、uld utilize locking devices, shall be keyed to prevent mis-connection and should be moisture proof. HIGH VOLTAGE (60 V) connectors should comply with the requirements of SAE J1742. 3.3.2.6 The tractor may utilize a single speed or multi-speed automatic or a continuously variable transmission. An alt
36、ernative design may incorporate an integrated axle such as used in material handling equipment. 3.3.2.7 A propulsion power system operating at greater than 60 V shall be considered HIGH VOLTAGE and shall be isolated from the vehicle chassis such that leakage current does not exceed 20 mA with the ba
37、ttery connected. 3.3.2.8 An arrangement for the controller to increase braking by changing motor field current (called “plugging” or “regenerative braking”) shall be offered. Maximum regenerative braking settings shall be adjustable such that maximum current returning to the traction battery pack ca
38、n be set to avoid potential damage to traction battery pack or electrical components. 3.3.2.9 If a DC traction motor is used, the motor should be accessible for brush inspection without having to remove the battery. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1804B Page 5 of 13 3.3.3 Accessory Power System 3.3.3.1 A 12 or
39、 24 VDC accessory power system shall be used to power the following: a. Two head lights on front of tractor (one each side). b. Two tail lights on rear of tractor (one each side). c. Two brake lights on rear of tractor (one each side). A combination assembly may be used to accommodate the brake and
40、tail lights. A horn shall be supplied and should comply with the requirements of SAE J377. 3.3.3.2 The 12 or 24 V system should incorporate a 2-wire system for isolation purposes. If chassis ground is used for the 12 or 24 V negative it shall be isolated from the traction system by at least 500000 r
41、esistance. The 12 or 24 V system shall be powered from the main traction battery by an electronic DC-to-DC converter. 3.3.3.3 Low voltage connectors should comply with the applicable requirements of SAE J163, SAE J561, and SAE J858. 3.3.3.4 Low voltage wire shall meet the requirements of SAE J1128.
42、3.3.3.5 All electronic components shall be protected by an enclosure meeting the requirements of ANSI/NEMA 250-1997, Type 4 Enclosure. 3.3.3.6 The electrical/electronic systems shall incorporate proper shielding and filtering to assure electromagnetic compatibility with any and all communication and
43、 navigation frequencies in and around the airport ramp areas in accordance with MIL-STD-461. The tractor shall not be susceptible to externally generated electromagnetic fields and shall comply with the applicable sections of SAE J551-1. Additionally, vehicles shall not be susceptible to electric ma
44、gnetic fields from an on-board radio transmitter and shall comply with the requirements of SAE J551-12. 3.3.4 Battery Charging 3.3.4.1 Interlocks shall be provided to prevent driving the tractor away when the tractor is connected to the charger. 3.3.4.2 Charging circuits shall be isolated from the v
45、ehicle chassis such that ground current from the grounded chassis does not exceed 20 mA at any time the vehicle is connected to an off-board charger. 3.3.4.3 Charge connector shall be prevented from being inadvertently connected to the controller or motor rather than the battery. 3.3.5 Electrical sy
46、stems shall comply with the requirements of ARP1247. 3.4 Mechanical Systems 3.4.1 The tractor shall be a four wheel, rear wheel drive vehicle, with front wheel steer from the conventional left drivers seat position and a right passenger seat position. Excessive steering effort shall not be required
47、to maneuver the tractor in tight quarters. 3.4.2 Tires shall be heavy duty pneumatic or equivalent and selected for rated loads and speeds. Single piece rims should be provided. 3.4.3 Service brakes shall be of a dual system hydraulic design with split master cylinder and indicator light on dash to
48、warn the operator if one system fails. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1804B Page 6 of 13 3.4.4 The unit shall be equipped with an adjustable manual type hand brake with a pulling motion toward the operator engaging the brake. (See Section 8 for optional electric parking brake.) The directional control switch
49、shall have three positions: forward, neutral and reverse. These positions shall be clearly indicated. Operation shall be located to the right of the steering wheel. 3.4.5 Under full rated load the minimum approach angle shall be 30, the ramp breakover angle shall be 15 and the departure angle 25 for the standard tractors. For the low profile tractor, these angles are reduced to 15 for approach, 10 for breakover, and 20
