1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.
3、A.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8510 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001AEROSPACE RESOURCE DOCUMENTARD50083Issued 1999-12Human Factors Issues Associated With
4、Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI)PREFACEThis paper documents the activity of the SAE Subcommittee G-10 (*), Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) Technology, to compile, categorize and track human factors issues related to the development of flight deck systems to display informa
5、tion about proximate other traffic. The display of such information is expected to provide operational benefits in the form of increased flight crew situation awareness, and to support revised ATC procedures leading to improved operational efficiency in the National Airspace System.The primary purpo
6、se of this document is provide a central source for the tracking of human factors issues concerning systems designed to display information about proximate traffic. It will also serve as guide to future research activities, as well as a resource for the development of concepts and procedures to maxi
7、mize the utility of CDTI systems. It is intended that this paper be a living document as well as a historical report on the relevant CDTI issues as they are developed and resolved. As such, this document will be updated regularly to reflect developments as they occur. Issues will not be removed as t
8、hey are resolved, but rather will remain to document the work that has been accomplished on this subject.SAE ARD50083 - 2 -1. SCOPE:The scope of this document, while primarily concerned with issues related to the display of traffic information on the flight deck, also includes issues in the followin
9、g related categories: controls and displays, sensors, flight deck integration, functionality, testing and validation, training and crew performance. The issues in these categories are presented as they affect the human factors of CDTI system design.1.1 Purpose:This document is a compilation of human
10、 factors issues related to Cockpit Display of Traffic Information technology. The goal is to identify questions and issues that need to be resolved to develop an airborne system that displays traffic information and to track the efforts by the industry to provide this resolution.1.2 System Assumptio
11、ns:The following is a list of the system assumptions that were used to bound the effort of identifying the issues:1. It is an on-board system.2. The system will operate autonomously, but may use data transmitted by ground based sensors.3. There will be pilot-in-the-loop/manual involvement in all fli
12、ght path adjustments.4. Information should be accessible by all flight crew members.5. The system will address all aircraft types.6. The system will operate during all phases of flight.7. The system is not intended to replace Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) functions.8. The syste
13、m will meet harmonized certification requirements.9. Human centered design principles will be applied to system design.10. System design will use lessons learned from past systems.11. G-10 documents will focus on the human factors issues.SAE ARD50083 - 3 -1.3 Applications to be Considered:Six genera
14、l categories of CDTI functionality considered in developing the issues in this document were:Pilot awareness and conformance monitoringSeparation Assurance, Conflict Detection and Conflict ResolutionStation KeepingJoining, Passing Through and Departing Traffic FlowsTrajectory Negotiation and Maneuve
15、r CoordinationATC CommunicationsThese functions support the following potential near-term applications:Enhanced Visual AcquisitionEnhanced Oceanic In-trail Climb/Descent ProceduresFacilitation of Station Keeping in Oceanic, Enroute, and Remote Non-Radar AirspaceEnhanced Visual ApproachFacilitation o
16、f Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches in IMCEnhanced Departure SpacingIncreased Conflict Awareness2. REFERENCES:The following documents are referenced for additional guidance:AS264 - Instrument and Cockpit lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP268 - Location and Actuation of Flight Deck Contro
17、ls for Transport AircraftAS425C - Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight DeckARP571 - Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport AircraftARP1068 - Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Controls for Transport Aircraf
18、tARP1093 - Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument DisplaysARP1161 - Crew Station Lighting - Commercial AircraftARP1782 - Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Direct View CRT DisplaysARP1874 - Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircra
19、ftARP4032 - Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft DisplaysARP4033 - Pilot-System IntegrationARP4101 - Core Document, Flight Deck Layout and FacilitiesARP4101/2 - Pilot Visibility from the Flight DeckARP4102 - Core Document, Flight Deck Panels, Controls a
20、nd DisplaysARP4102/4 - Flight Deck Alerting SystemsARP4102/7 - Electronic DisplaysSAE ARD50083 - 4 -2. (Continued):ARP4102/7 Appendix A Electronic Display Symbology for EADI/PFDARP4102/7 Appendix B Electronic Display Symbology for EHSI/NDARP4102/7 Appendix C Electronic Display Symbology for Engine D
21、isplaysARP4105 - Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on the Flight DeckARP4107 - Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors EngineersARP4153 - Human Interface Criteria for Collision Avoidance Systems in Transport AircraftARP4256 - Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircra
22、ftARP4260 - Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View Flat Panel Displays (when approved)ARP5365 - Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic InformationAS8034 - Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic DisplaysFAA-RD-81-38II
23、- Aircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et. al.,1981)DOT/FAA/PS-89/1 - Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et. al. 1989)3. GLOSSARY:3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations:AC Advisory CircularACAS Airborne Collision Avoida
24、nce SystemADI Attitude Direction IndicatorADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-BroadcastAGL Above Ground LevelARP Aerospace Recommended Practice (SAE)ATC Air Traffic ControlATM Air Traffic ManagementA/V Aircraft/VehicleCDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic InformationCNS Communications, Navigation and S
25、urveillanceCPA Closest Point of ApproachEADI Electronic Attitude Direction IndicatorEHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation IndicatorFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFMS Flight Management SystemGNSS Global Navigation Satellite SystemGPS Global Positioning SystemHUD Head
26、 Up DisplayHz HertzICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIFR Instrument Flight RulesILS Instrument Landing SystemIMC Instrument Meteorological ConditionsINS Inertial Navigation SystemSAE ARD50083 - 5 -3.1 (Continued):ITC In-Trail ClimbITD In-Trail DescentJAA Joint Aviation AuthorityJAR Joint
27、 Aviation RequirementsMASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance StandardsMFD Multi-Functional DisplayMHz MegahertzMOPS Minimum Operational Performance StandardsMSL Mean Sea LevelNAS National Airspace SystemPFD Primary Flight DisplayRA Resolution AdvisoryRnav Area NavigationRTCA Radio Technical Commi
28、ssion for AeronauticsRVSM Reduced Vertical Separation MinimumSAE Society of Automotive Engineers, IncTA Traffic AdvisoryTCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance SystemTIS Traffic Information ServiceUAT Universal Access TerminalVDL VHF Data LinkVHF Very High FrequencyVFR Visual Flight RulesVMC Visu
29、al Meteorological Conditions3.2 Definition of Terms:Absolute Altitude: Aircraft altitude referenced to mean sea level (QNH). Typically referred to as barometric corrected altitude.Accuracy: A measure of the difference between the reported A/V position as compared to the true position. Accuracy is us
30、ually defined in statistical terms of either: 1) a mean (bias) and a variation about the mean as defined by the standard deviation (sigma) or a root mean square (rms) value from the mean. The values given in this document are in terms of the two sigma variation from an assumed zero mean error.Airbor
31、ne Collision: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come into contact. The word “collision” is not an antonym of the word “separation”, as separation criteria are typically defined to create a significant zone around each aircraft which must not be entered for “separation” to be guarantee
32、d. As such, airborne collisions are subsets of airborne conflicts.Airborne Conflict: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come closer together than specified separation criteria. An airborne conflict does not necessarily result in a an airborne collision; however, it does represent a sit
33、uation considered hazardous, from which a collision may be possible without sufficient warning for a suitable pilot reaction.SAE ARD50083 - 6 -3.2 (Continued):Aircraft/Vehicle (A/V): Either (1) a machine or service capable of atmospheric flight, or (2) a vehicle on the airport surface movement area.
34、Airplane State: The variables required to fully describe the dynamic behavior of an airplane and to predict this behavior into the future. These variables include, speed, flight path vector, attitude (pitch and roll), and horizontal track. Aircraft state is often represented as a state vector, which
35、 comprises the minimum number of values required to fully specify the state; from the state vector, related values such as angle of attack, flight path angle and sideslip can be derived.Air Mass Data: Air mass data includes all aircraft sensor information which measures or is derived from the aircra
36、ft-local properties of the atmosphere. Direct measurements include air temperature, pressure, humidity and density; derived measurements include barometric corrected altitude (QNH), vertical speed and computed airspeed.Airspace: In the most general sense, airspace refers to the atmosphere in which a
37、ircraft operate, extending upwards from the surface of the earth. However, the term airspace also commonly denotes the spatial boundaries used to define areas restricted to civilian flight and to subdivide the airspace into areas controllable by individual air traffic controllers. These airspace bou
38、ndaries add a constraint to aircraft operations by limiting acceptable aircraft flight paths.Alert: A visual, auditory or tactile stimulus presented to attract the flight crews attention and convey some information concerning an event/situation.Aural Alert: Discrete tone/sound used for attention get
39、ting.Availability: Is the probability that a function is up and able to perform were it called on.Barometric Altitude: Geopotential altitude in the earths atmosphere above mean standard sea level pressure datum plane, measured by a pressure (barometric) altimeter.Barometric Altitude Error: For a giv
40、en true barometric pressure, P0, the error is the difference between the transmitted pressure altitude and the altitude determined using a standard temperature and pressure model with P0.Caution: Non-normal operational or aircraft system conditions that require immediate flight crew awareness and su
41、bsequent corrective or compensatory flight crew action.Closest Point of Approach (CPA): The minimum horizontal distance between two aircraft during a close proximity encounter, also know as miss distance.Clutter: Clutter refers to the negative impact of poorly organized and crowded displays. It gene
42、rally results in reduced display legibility, and/or in increases in the time needed to locate information on the display.SAE ARD50083 - 7 -3.2 (Continued):Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI): A Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) is a generic display that provides the flight crew
43、 with surveillance information about other aircraft, including their position. Traffic information for a CDTI may be obtained from one or multiple sources (including ADS-B, TCAS, and TIS) and it may be used for a variety of purposes. Any means of communicating the information is acceptable (aural, g
44、raphical, head-up, etc.) as long as the information is conveyed effectively. Requirements for CDTI information will vary based on intended use of the data (i.e., application).Collision Avoidance: A maneuver taken to avoid a collision.Color Value: The attribute of a color that allows it to be classed
45、 on a scale from very dark to very light (Brightness is a perception that results from surface luminance and is a property of the object itself and of the light illuminating it.)Conflict: Any situation involving two or more aircraft, or an aircraft and an airspace, or an aircraft and ground terrain,
46、 in which the applicable separation minima may be violated.Conflict Avoidance: A maneuver taken to resolve a conflict.Conflict Detection: The process of projecting an aircrafts trajectory to determine whether it is probable that the applicable separation minimum will not be maintained between the ai
47、rcraft and another aircraft or vehicle. The level of uncertainty in the projection is reduced with increased knowledge about the situation, including aircraft capabilities, flight plan, short term intent information, etc.Conflict Management: Process of detecting and resolving conflicts.Conflict Prob
48、e: An airborne or ground based system that performs the process of conflict detection.Conflict Resolution: The process of identifying and or performing a maneuver or a set of maneuvers that are intended to resolve a conflict or potential conflict between the own ship and either (1) another aircraft
49、or vehicle, (2) a given airspace, or (3) terrain.Cooperative Surveillance: (1) Surveillance in which the target assists by cooperatively providing data using on-board equipment. (2) a concept which envisions a transfer of responsibility for aircraft separation from ground based systems to the air-crew of appropriately equipped aircraft, for a specific separation function such as In-trail merging or separation management of close proximity encounters. It is cooperative in the sense that ground-based ATC is involved in the handover process, and in the sense that a
