1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2015 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR806BAEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR806REV. B Issued 1965-04 Revised 1997-10 Rea
5、ffirmed 2015-10 Superseding AIR806A Air Conditioning of Aircraft Cargo RATIONALE AIR806B has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. 1. SCOPE:The report presents air conditioning data for aircraft cargo which is affected by temperature, humidity, ventilation rate and atmosphe
6、ric pressure. The major emphasis is on conditioning of perishable products and warm-blooded animals. The report also covers topics peculiar to cargo aircraft or which are related to the handling of cargo.1.1 Purpose:The purpose of this Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to provide design informat
7、ion related to the air conditioning of cargo transported by commercial and military aircraft. Affected cargo includes perishable products, live animals and hazardous materials.2. REFERENCES:1. SAE ARP85 - Air Conditioning Equipment, General Requirements for Subsonic Airplanes.2. SAE ARP89 - Temperat
8、ure Control Equipment, Automatic, Airplane Cabins.3. SAE ARP367 - Airplane Cabin Pressurization.4. SAE ARP699 - High Temperature Pneumatic Duct Systems for Aircraft.5. SAE AIR795 - Air Conditioning of Subsonic Aircraft at High Altitude.6. SAE ARP1270 - Cabin Pressure Control Criteria.7. SAE ARP1395
9、- Minimum Requirements for Future Wide-Body Aircraft Cargo Systems and Compartments.8. Unit Load Devices Manual - International Air Transport Assoc., P.O. Box 160, 1212 Cointrin, Geneva, Switzerland.9. ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory and ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals - American Society of He
10、ating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.10. Part 25, Federal Aviation Regulations - Airworthiness Standards, Transport Category Airplanes.11. Part 121, Para. 288 of the Federal Air Regulations.12. FAA Advisory Circular 103-4, Hazards Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide Ab
11、oard Aircraft.2. (Continued):13. U.S. Air Force Manual 71-4, Packing and Handling of Dangerous Materials and Transport by Military Aircraft.14. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS 91-21 - Environmental Considerations for Shipment of Livestock by Air Freight.3. PUBLICATIONS:1. University of California A
12、griculture Extension Service Publication No. 36, Why Perishables are Cooled, August 19742. University of California Manual No. 43 - Commercial Cooling of Fruits and Vegetables3. USDA MRR 421 - Factors Influencing heat loss in cantaloupes during hydrocooling4. USDA MRR 600 - Vacuum precooling, a comp
13、arison of the cooling of different vegetables5. USDA MRR 636 - Hydrocooling vegetables6. USDA ARS 52-12 - Hydrocooling stacked crates of celery and sweet corn7. USDA ARS 52-70 - Forced-air precooling of citrus fruit on a moving conveyor8. USDA AMS 469 - Vacuum Cooling lettuce in commercial plants9.
14、USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1292 - Thermal characteristics of peaches as related to hydrocooling10. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper No. 875 - Forced-air cooling of palletized fresh fruit11. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Special Publication S-01-72: 38-41 - Forced-air co
15、oling of fruit in bulk bins12. University of California Agricultural Extension Service Miscellaneous Publication - Precooling cantaloupes, a guide for shippers13. University of California, Cooperative Extension OSA 674 - Forced-air unit to rapidly cool small lots of produce14. Cornell Extension Bull
16、etin No. 1012 - Vacuum cooling vegetables15. Western Grower and Shipper 42 (8): 19, 27 - Progress in mechanicals, new top-icing method for melons solves problems16. Western Grower and Shipper 43 (3): 29-20 - Improved method, window top-icing cools celery faster17. Western Grower and Shipper 45 (2) L
17、10, 27 - Hydrocooler damage, answer found for vegetable water beating18. International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp 139-156: The Significance of Meteorology in Animal ProductionAll USDA publications may be obtained from the Office of Information, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash
18、ington, DC 20250. All University of California publications may be obtained from the Public Service Office, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Other publications should be obtained directly from the source.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR806B 2 OF 114. TYPES OF AIRCRAFT:4.1 Cargo or Freighter:T
19、hese aircraft are designed specifically to transport cargo, and include features such as large doors, cargo loading and handling devices, heavy duty floors and hardboard interior liners. See ARP1395 for information on future cargo aircraft.4.2 Passenger:These aircraft carry cargo in compartments bel
20、ow the cabin floor. Large aircraft are fitted with special cargo handling devices.4.3 Mixed:These aircraft are capable of transporting a mixed load of cargo and passengers within the main cabin.4.4 Convertible:These aircraft can be converted from a passenger configuration to a cargo configuration by
21、 removing seats and other passenger equipment.5. CARGO CATEGORIES:5.1 Perishables:Includes food, meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, flowers and frozen products.5.2 Live:Covers all kinds of animals, fowl, fish, reptiles, etc.5.3 Hazardous:Covers explosives, combustibles, chemicals and radioactive materi
22、al.5.4 General:Includes all other types of cargo transported by air.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR806B 3 OF 116. GENERAL INFORMATION:6.1 Passenger Ventilation:Fresh air ventilation requirements for passengers and flight crew are given in SAE ARP85.6.1.1 Cargo Ventilation: In general, the minimum ventilation
23、rate for cargo will depend upon that needed for proper temperature control. The quantity of ventilating air may have to be adjusted in special cases to control odors, prevent a hazardous concentration of contaminants, or to prevent dehydration of fresh produce. Compartments in which warm-blooded ani
24、mals are carried should be adequately ventilated. The ventilation openings in animal containers should not be obstructed due to initial loading or by the shirting of other cargo after loading.6.2 Heating and Cooling:Heating and cooling requirements for the crew and passengers are given in SAE ARP85.
25、6.3 Temperature Control:Design information on various types of aircraft temperature control systems is presented in SAE ARP89.6.3.1 Cargo Temperature Control: As a minimum, cargo compartment temperature should be maintained at a level sufficient to prevent freezing of the contents. Special temperatu
26、re control provisions are applicable to perishables, as indicated in Table 1. Temperature-controlled containers, with integral refrigeration equipment, are generally used to transport perishables. Data on these containers are presented in the IATA Unit Load Devices Manual.Some warm-blooded animals r
27、equire special temperature control. For example, the temperature environment for Rhesus monkeys should be controlled within a 70 to 74 F (21.1 to 23.3 C) band. Baby chicks and tropical fish are other examples of live cargo which must be maintained within a limited temperature range. Further informat
28、ion on temperature control requirements for animals may be found in the Air Transport Chapter of the Applications Volume of the ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR806B 4 OF 11TABLE 1 - Temperatures for Perishables in TransitCommodityMinimumFMinimum(C)MaximumFMaximum(C) Commod
29、ityMinimumFMinimum(C)MaximumFMaximum(C)Apples 38 (3.3) 42 (5.6) Milk 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Asparagus 40 (4.4) - - Mushrooms 32 (0) 35 (1.7)Bananas 56 (13.3) 60 (15.6) Nut Meats 35 (1.7) 40 (4.4)Beans, green 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Oleomargarine 34 (1.1) 36 (2.2)Beets 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Onions 50 (10.0) 60 (15.
30、6)Blackberries 42 (5.6) 45 (7.2) Oranges 50 (10.0) - -Broccoli 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Oysters 32 (0) 35 (1.7)Butter 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Parsnips 34 (1.1) 40 (4.4)Cabbage 45 (7.2) - - Peaches 50 (10.0) - -Carrots 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Peas, green 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Cauliflower 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Peppers 40 (4.4)
31、45 (7.2)Celery 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Pineapple, ripe 50 (10.0) - -Cheese 39 (3.9) 45 (7.2) Plums 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Chocolate candies 68 (20.0) 70 (21.1) Potatoes, sweet 55 (12.8) 60 (15.6)Cherries 40 (4.4) - - Potatoes, white 45 (7.2) 60 (15.6)Corn, sweet 45 (7.2) - - Poultry, dressed 29 (-1.7) 32 (0)Cr
32、anberries 36 (2.2) 40 (4.4) Poultry, frozen 0 (-17.8) 10 (-12.2)Cream 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Pumpkin & squash 55 (12.8) 60 (15.6)Cucumbers 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Quinces 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Dates, cured 55 (12.8) 60 (15.6) Raspberries 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Eggplant 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Spinach 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0)Eggs,
33、fresh 38 (3.3) 45 (7.2) Tomatoes, ripe 55 (12.8) 70 (21.1)Fish, Fresh, iced 32 (0) 36 (2.2) Turnips 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Fish, Frozen 0 (-17.8) 5 (-15.0) Yeast 38 (3.3) 42 (5.6)Fish, smoked 40 (4.4) 50 (10.0)Flowers 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) MEATFrozen fruits, veg.and concentrates -5 (-20.6) 0 (-17.8) Bacon, f
34、resh 36 (2.2) 40 (4.4)Grapefruit 32 (0) 50 (10.0) Bacon, smoked 60 (15.6) 65 (18.3)Grapes 35 (1.7) 40 (4.4) Beef, fresh 32 (0) 38 (3.3)Honey 45 (7.2) 50 (10.0) Beef, frozen 0 (-17.8) 10 (-12.2)Ice cream -5 (-20.6) 0 (-17.8) Fatback 38 (3.3) 42 (5.6)Lard 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Ham, fresh 38 (3.3) 42 (5.6)
35、Lemons 55 (12.8) 58 (14.4) Ham, frozen 0 (-17.8) 10 (-12.2)Lettuce 45 (7.2) - - Ham, cured 60 (15.6) 65 (18.3)Melons 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2) Lamb, fresh 34 (1.1) 42 (5.6)Pork, fresh 36 (2.2) 40 (4.4)Pork, frozen 0 (-17.8) 10 (-12.2)Sausage 40 (4.4) 45 (7.2)Veal 36 (2.2) 40 (4.4)The above recommendations a
36、re taken from the American Society of Refrigeration Engineers publication and other commercial sources, and generally conform to commercial practices. Because certain foods may be cooled by the vacuum process, they may require lower carrying temperatures. Other foods may also require special tempera
37、tures. The shipper should therefore be consulted.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR806B 5 OF 116.4 Moisture Control:The quantity of moisture produced by livestock animals can be sufficient enough to create condensation problems on cool interior surfaces of the cargo compartment. Potential solutions to this probl
38、em are dehydration of the animal prior to shipping, moisture removal equipment in the cargo compartment and corrosion-preventive treatment of exposed surfaces. Data on moisture dissipation by animals may be found in the ASHRAE Handbooks and in U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS 91-21.Some perishables
39、require a relatively high moisture level in order to prevent shrinkage or a deterioration in appearance. These types of cargo should be shipped in special containers that include moisture control.6.5 Pressurization Requirements:Many kinds of cargo are not affected by changes in barometric pressure.
40、SAE ARP1395 recommends a minimum pressurization requirement of 18,000 ft (5490 m) for future freighter aircraft. Live cargo should be transported in compartments which do not exceed an 8000 ft (2440 m) pressure altitude. Refer to SAE ARP367 and ARP1270 for details on pressurization system design req
41、uirements.6.6 Ground Cooling and Heating:It should be possible to operate the air conditioning system on the ground by furnishing the required services from an onboard APU or from ground equipment. The air conditioning capacity on the ground will depend upon the specific applications involved.6.7 Fi
42、re Protection:For Class E cargo compartments, as defined in Part 25 of the Federal Air Regulations, means must be provided to shut off the ventilation airflow to or within the compartment. The shutoff controls should be accessible in the crew compartment. The fire protection requirements for other c
43、lass cargo compartments may be found in Para. 25.857 of FAR Part 25.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR806B 6 OF 116.8 Flight and Passenger Compartment Contamination:Means shall be provided to prevent hazardous quantities of contaminants, fumes or gases from entering the flight crew or passenger compartments. Of
44、special concern are potential contamination sources such as dry ice, chemicals and radioactive materials. In view of the sublimation of dry ice into CO2, special ventilation rates may be necessary. Assuming that the dry ice is stored in an insulated container, the required ventilation rate to preclu
45、de a hazardous concentration of CO2(0.5%) can be estimated as follows:(Eq.1)(Eq.2)The above formula is taken from Air Force Manual 71-4. Precautions concerning the sublimation of dry ice within cargo compartments may also be found in FAA Advisory Circular 103-4.Precautions should be taken to preclud
46、e the direct passage of any contaminate into the flight station or passenger compartment.6.9 Air Conditioning System Design:The design of the air conditioning system should be such that no single failure will cause a complete loss of supply air or temperature control. One failure should not induce o
47、ther failures which would result in a loss of supply air. Redundancy of equipment and components should be determined by a failure effects analysis. Refer to SAE AIR795 for requirements pertaining to high altitude aircraft systems. Bleed air ducting systems should be designed in accordance with SAE
48、ARP699.6.10 Temperature Control System Design:Refer to SAE ARP89 for the design of temperature control systems. Cargo aircraft may require a lower temperature setting on the automatic selector to satisfy the in-flight cooling demands. For mixed loadings of cargo and passengers, zone temperature cont
49、rol may be desirable to provide passenger comfort.6.11 Miscellaneous Design Features:Thermal insulation material should not be installed under the floor, unless it is impervious to the leakage of fluids. Drain holes should be located in the skin area under the cargo compartment floor. Corrosion-preventative treatment should be applied to all areas subject to fluid spillage.Air changes/hour Wt. of ice
