1、 Access to Additional Content for SAE AIR6241, Dated: November 2013 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Copyright hold
2、er of this document Click the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. AIR6241 Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer (B) MULTI-PLANE; AND (C) LINE DIAMETER CHANGE . 18 FIGURE
3、4.4 TRIPLE SPLITTER EXAMPLE GEOMETRY AS (A) SINGLE PLANE; (B) MULTI-PLANE; AND (C) LINE DIAMETER CHANGE (CONTINUED) 19 FIGURE 4.5 EXAMPLE OF BULKHEAD UNION INTERFACE HEATING . 19 FIGURE 4.6 EXAMPLE OF PTS CONNECTION HEATING . 20 FIGURE 4.7 EXAMPLE OF HEATING INTERFACE AT DILUTER1 INLET . 22 FIGURE 4
4、.8 THREE EXAMPLES OF SAMPLING LAYOUTS FOR FLOW CONTROL AND DILUTION MEASUREMENT 25 FIGURE 4.9 FLOWCHART EXAMPLE OF SAMPLE LINE PARAMETERS REQUIRED TO CALCULATE SAMPLING SYSTEM TRANSPORT PENETRATION FRACTIONS 31 FIGURE 5.1 SCHEMATIC OF THE PARTICLE MASS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM . 34 SAE INTER
5、NATIONAL AIR6241 Page 3 of 55 FIGURE 5.2 THERMOGRAM FOR FILTER SAMPLE CONTAINING ORGANIC CARBON (OC), CARBONATE CARBON (CC), AND ELEMENTAL CARBON (EC). PC IS PYROLYTICALLY GENERATED CARBON. THE CURVES INDICATED WITH THE OC, CC, PC, EC, AND CH4 LABELS ARE CH4 CONCENTRATIONS BEING MEASURED BY A FLAME
6、IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID). THE FINAL PEAK IS THE METHANE CALIBRATION PEAK. (FROM REF. 2.1.3.5) 37 FIGURE 5.3 CALIBRATION DIAGRAM WITH INSTRUMENTATION SCHEMATIC 39 FIGURE 6.1 GENERALIZED SCHEMATIC OF THE PARTICLE NUMBER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 42 FIGURE 6.2 SCHEMATIC OF A TYPICAL CONDENSATION PARTICLE COU
7、NTER (CPC, REF.: http:/ spec_sheets/3772_2980341.pdf) . 45 TABLE 4.1 SCHEMATIC TERMINOLOGY OVERVIEW . 14 TABLE 4.1 SCHEMATIC TERMINOLOGY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) 15 TABLE 4.2 MINIMUM ALLOWED PENETRATIONS (TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCIES) OF DILUTER1 23 TABLE 4.3 EXAMPLE PENETRATION (DIFFUSION) VALUES FOR EACH
8、 PTS SECTION . 32 TABLE 5.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR NVPM MASS INSTRUMENTSA . 34 TABLE 5.2 RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE PROFILE FOR THE NIOSH 5040 METHOD . 38 TABLE 5.3 BREAKDOWN OF SECTIONS AND MAJOR COMPONENTS OF CALIBRATION SYSTEM 39 TABLE 5.4 CALIBRATION SAMPLE DESIRED SOOT LOADING PARAMETERS .
9、 40 TABLE 6.1 MINIMUM ALLOWED PENETRATIONS (TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCIES) OF THE VPR FOR EACH DILUTION SETTING . 44 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 4 of 55 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the meas
10、urement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. 1.1 Sectio
11、ns This document is divided into the following sections: 2. References 3. Introduction 4. Sampling System 5. Particle Mass Concentration Measurement 6. Particle Number Concentration Measurement 7. Emission Index Computation 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a par
12、t of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the
13、text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside U
14、SA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. 2.1.1.1 AIR5892, Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques 2.1.1.2 AIR6037, Aircraft Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development 2.1.1.3 ARP1179, Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Smoke Measurement 2.1.1.4
15、ARP1256, Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines 2.1.1.5 ARP1533, Procedure for the Analysis and Evaluation of Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines 2.1.2 Appended Documents Appendix 1 VPR Volatile removal efficiency methodology Exce
16、l spreadsheet PM EI calculator Excel spreadsheet Simplified sampling system transport performance calculator Excel spreadsheet Full sampling system transport performance calculator SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 5 of 55 “Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Mass Using the AVL 483 Micro Soo
17、t Sensor Photoacoustic Analyzer with AVL Exhaust Conditioning Unit,” Standard Operating Procedure, Missouri University of Science and Technology, January 2013. ”Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Mass Using the Artium Technologies LII 300 Laser Induced Incandescence Instrument,” Standard
18、 Operating Procedure, Missouri University of Science and Technology, February 2013. “Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Mass Using the Thermal/Optical Transmittance Carbon Analyzer,” Standard Operating Procedure 2104, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Sept
19、ember 2011. “Sampling and Measurement of Organic and Elemental Carbon Using the Model 3 Semi-Continuous OCEC Carbon Aerosol Analyzer from Sunset Laboratory, Inc.,” Standard Operating Procedure 2107, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 2012. “Operation of MiniCAST B
20、lack Carbon Aerosol Generator from Jing, Model 5201 (Prototype) Real Soot Generator,” Standard Operating Procedure 2101, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 2011. Procedure for Calibration of a Mass Flow Controller (MFC) Using a Gilibrator. MOP No. FV-0237.0, U.
21、S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2011. Procedure for Calibration of Gas Flow Meters of the Sunset Lab Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon Analyzer Using a Gilibrator. MOP No. FV-02
22、35.1, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2008. 2.1.3 Other Publications 2.1.3.1 Kittelson, D.B. and J.H. Johnson. 1991. “Variability in Particle Emission Measurements in the H
23、eavyDuty Transient Test,“ SAE Paper No. 910738. Also in Diesel Particulate Emissions: Measurement Techniques, Fuel Effects and Control Technology (PT42) pp. 137162, Edited by: J.H. Johnson, T.M. Baines and J.C. Clerc, SAE, Inc., Warrendale, PA, 1991 Transactions of the SAE, Vol. 100, Sec. 3, pp. 137
24、81403, 1992. 2.1.3.2 Hinds, W.C., Aerosol Technology, Second Edition, Wiley combustion exhaust material which volatizes at 623 K (350 C) or less. 2.2.2 Symbols, Acronyms, and Terminology CmHn = formula of hydrocarbon fuel CO2 = Mole fraction concentration of carbon dioxide in the engine exhaust CO2_
25、dil1 = Mole fraction concentration of carbon dioxide after the first dilution stage on a wet basis CO2_dil2 = Mole fraction concentration of carbon dioxide after the second dilution stage on a wet basis CO = Mole fraction concentration of carbon monoxide in the engine exhaust CPC = Condensation Part
26、icle Counter CS: Catalytic Stripper, a catalytic device that removes volatile particles through oxidation CxHy = Mole fraction concentration of total hydrocarbon in the engine exhaust expressed as CxHy equivalent D = particle diffusion coefficient DF = Dilution Factor, d i l u t i o n a f t e r i o
27、nc o n c e n t r a t S a m p l e d i l u t i o n b e f o r e i o nc o n c e n t r a t S a m p l eDF1 = First stage dilution Factor DF2 = Second stage dilution Factor Dp = particle diameter DR = Dilution Ratio, which is related to DF, DR = (DF-1):1 (e.g., a DF of 10 corresponds to a DR of 9:1, 9 part
28、s of diluent mixing with 1 part of sample) Dxy , at zz nm = Diameter (electrical mobility unless stated) at which xy% (detection efficiency) of zz size particles are detected EI = Emission index EImass = Particle mass emission index, SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 8 of 55 EInum = Particle number emi
29、ssion index, EIz = Emission index of exhaust component Z, Fc = Mass fraction of carbon in fuel = grams of carbon in one gram of fuel, FS = Full Scale of the analyzer working range GTS = Gas Transfer System HEPA = High efficiency particle air filter, class H13, which removes at least 99.97% of diocty
30、lphthalate particles 0.3 m in diameter ID =Internal diameter LOD = Limit of Detection m, n = Molar constants for hydrocarbon fuel, CmHn MC = Atomic weight of carbon = 12.011 MH = Atomic weight of hydrogen = 1.008 N = (Total) number concentration of particles per unit volume. Typically number per cub
31、ic centimeter, #/cc. nvPMmi = Non-volatile particulate matter mass instrument nvPMni = Non-volatile particulate matter number instrument NMI = National Measurement Institute (e.g., NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), NPL (National Physical Laboratory) Pen_diffm = Particle penetrat
32、ion for the mass sampling system due to diffusion Pen_diffn = Particle penetration for the number sampling system due to diffusion Pen_th = Particle penetration for both mass and number sampling system due to thermophoresis PM = Particulate matter PMnum = Particle number volumetric concentration, co
33、rrected for dilution, 3cmnumberPMnum_STP = Particle number volumetric concentration (diluted) at STP condition 3cmnumberPMmass = Particle mass volumetric concentration corrected for dilution 3mgSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 9 of 55 PMmass_STP = Particle mass volumetric concentration measured by mas
34、s instrument (diluted) at STP condition 3mgPmass = Pressure associated with the particle mass concentration, PM mass, atm Pnum = Pressure associated with the particle number concentration, PM num, atm PMP = Particle Measurement Programme (a European Commission initiative, joined by Japan) to establi
35、sh a new metric for particle emissions from vehicles leading to UN-ECE R83 Psample = Pressure associated with the exhaust component Z concentration (volumetric) used for EI calculations, atm PTFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene PTS = Particle transfer system Rgas = Ideal gas constant, 0.082 KmoleatmLslpm
36、= Standard liter per minute at STP condition. STP = Standard temperature, 273.15 K and pressure, 1 atm (101.325 kPa). t = Time in seconds, minutes, or hours as noted T = Mole fraction of carbon dioxide in dry engine inlet air (to be consistent with the nomenclature used in ARP1533). Tdil1 = Mole fra
37、ction of carbon dioxide in dry engine inlet air diluted by the first dilution stageTmass = Temperature associated with the particle mass concentration, PM mass, in K. Tnum = Temperature associated with the particle number concentration, PM num, in K. t90 = 90% response time (Time between change in c
38、oncentration and the detector reaching 90% of its final signal) U = Mole fraction of total hydrocarbon (as Methane equivalent) in dry engine inlet air (to be consistent with the nomenclature used in ARP1533) Udil1 = Mole fraction of total hydrocarbon (as Methane equivalent) in dry engine inlet air d
39、iluted by the first dilution stage VPR = Volatile Particle RemoverPMnumdil2: Particle number concentration at STP condition after the second dilution stage, PMmassdil1: Particle mass concentration at STP condition after the first dilution stage, x, y = Molar constants of total hydrocarbon in engine
40、exhaust, expressed as CxHy equivalent SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 10 of 55 Z = Exhaust component, either gaseous or particle = Atomic hydrogen-carbon ratio of the fuel = n/m. Typical values are provided in Table 1 of ARP1533 t = Time interval 2.2.3 Units a. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES atm = 1 atmosphere
41、pressure = 101.325 kPa cm = centimeter (10-2 m) g = gram Hz = Hertz (1 per second) K = Kelvin kPa = kilopascal (103 Pa) m = meter nm = nanometer (10-9 m) m = micrometer (10-6 m) Pa = pascal slpm = standard liters per minute b. PREFIXES k = kilo, 103 h = hecto, 102 da = deka, 101 d = deci, 10-1 c = c
42、enti, 10-2 m = milli, 10-3 = micro, 10-6 n = nano, 10-9 pico = pico, 10-12 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6241 Page 11 of 55 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1 Background The Smoke Number (SN) measurement described in ARP1179 was developed to ensure compliance with an aircraft engine exhaust visibility criterion. This, howe
43、ver, does not address the current needs to quantitatively measure the mass and number of particles emitted from the engine. Therefore, this AIR has been developed based on techniques that have been pioneered by the particle research community Refs. 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2 to measure the mass and number of
44、the emitted particles. 3.2 Sampling System The measurement environment behind a gas turbine engine places significant constraints on the sampling system used to capture the exhaust sample to be measured. The high temperature, high velocity exhaust requires a robust probe that is located at the engin
45、e exit and transports the sample for some distance to the measurement instruments. These system requirements are compounded by the need to minimize the influence of the sampling system on the sampled particle properties to be measured. Thus, a sophisticated system is specified in Section 4 that cont
46、rols the temperature, dilution, and residence time to minimize perturbations to the PM in the exhaust sample prior to measurement. A significant part of the transfer system has been physically standardized to minimize variability between test facilities and operators. Understanding the sampling syst
47、em particle transport loss is important for nvPM measurement1. As a PTS performance specification, sampling system particle penetration fractions shall be calculated and reported at four specific particle diameters. Except where noted, all particle sizes mentioned throughout this document refer to e
48、lectrical mobility particle diameter as defined above. 3.3 Measured PM Emission Indices Once the sampling system has transported the exhaust sample to the measurement instruments, non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions are quantified as described in Sections 5 and 6. These
49、instruments measure exhaust that has been diluted and maintained at prescribed temperature and flow rate to prevent condensation or coagulation of the measured particles, and to minimize particle transport loss prior to measurement. To report the emissions levels independent of sampling dilution and to reference the emission quantities to the quantity of fuel consumed in generating these emissions, calculation methods are descr
