1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6236AAEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR6236 REV. AIssued 2015-12Revised 2016-08Superseding AIR
5、6236In-House Verification of EMI Test EquipmentRATIONALEThe only change to this revision is within the Rationale as follows: MIL-STD-461 no longer requires the routine calibration of many types of EMI test equipment. This AIR provides the EMI test facility with procedures that can be performed in-ho
6、use using their own EMI test equipment to check that the devices no longer requiring calibration nevertheless are performing properly to manufacturers specifications. These procedures can be performed to check that the transducer factors entered into EMI test software havent changed, or in the case
7、where a MIL-STD-461 measurement system integrity check indicates a problem, they serve as a quick check of the transducers integrity.INTRODUCTIONMIL-STD-461G does not require certain types of test equipment to be periodically calibrated in a traceable manner. This aerospace information report provid
8、es guidance on how to self-check such devices, using equipment commonly found in EMI test facilities. The purpose is not to calibrate these devices, but to check that they have not varied significantly from manufacturers specifications.1. SCOPEThis AIR provides guidance to the EMI test facility on h
9、ow to check performance of the following types of EMI test equipment:Current probeLine Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN)Directional couplerAttenuatorCable lossLow noise preamplifierRod antenna basePassive antennasAll performance checks can be performed without software. A computer may be requir
10、ed to generate an electronic or hard copy of data. This is not to say that custom software might not be helpful; just that the procedures documented herein specifically eschew the necessity of automated operation. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 2 of 91.1 PurposeThe purpose of this AIR is not to rep
11、roduce the procedures used by an accredited calibration facility, but rather to provide simple and accurate methods available using only test equipment found in an EMI test facility. For simplicity, all set-ups are shown using a network analyzer, but a spectrum analyzer or EMI receiver with built-in
12、 tracking generator may be used in lieu of a network analyzer, and if that isnt available, a separate signal generator may replace the tracking generator. The effects of these substitutions are discussed in Section 4. Measurement methods offered herein are not exclusive, but found to work well with
13、a minimum of complexity.2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTSThe following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publicationsshall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In theeve
14、nt of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence.Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has beenobtained.2.1 U.S. Government PublicationsCopies of these document
15、s are available online at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.MIL-STD-4613. PERFORMANCE CHECKS3.1 Current ProbeVarious models of current probes based on transformer action are used from frequencies as low as 1 Hz to at least 1 GHz. All these probes may be calibrated as per Figure 1.In Figure 1, the network an
16、alyzer source drives a current through the calibration fixture, which the current probe senses. The attenuator values (excepting the 10 dB pad on the input side of the calibration fixture) are so chosen that the ratio of the current probe output (T-port) to the reference (R) input is directly the tr
17、ansfer impedance in dB Ohms, with no data reduction required. They also perform impedance matching functions reducing vswr-related errors at higher frequencies. The 10 dB pad is solely for impedance matching and vswr-reducing, and need not be included if unnecessary, typically at audio frequencies w
18、here extra signal level into the calibration fixture is required. Its value does not affect the transfer impedance calculation.Figure 1 - Current probe calibration - T/R ratio is the transfer impedance in dB ohmsAt radio frequencies where there is plenty of dynamic range, the source setting should b
19、e set 10 dB below maximum in order to place 10 dB of impedance matching attenuation between the source and coaxial transmission line. Also at radio frequencies where loss in the coaxial cable becomes appreciable, the length and type of coaxial connection between current probe output and “T” port and
20、 between the 20 dB pads on the output of the calibration fixture and the “R” input must be the same. SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 3 of 94. LISNWhile there are several methods for measuring the LISN impedance specified in MIL-STD-461, none has the simplicity and ease of measuring the insertion los
21、s the LISN presents to a 50 Ohm signal source. Insertion loss is the potential measured at the LISN port relative to at a 50 Ohm load. Above 1 MHz, where the 50 uH LISN approximates 50 Ohms, the insertion loss is 0 dB. At lower frequencies, insertion loss increases with decreasing frequency. Figure
22、2 shows the measurement set-up, and Figure 3 shows expected results, including error bars representing the MIL-STD-461 20% tolerance on LISN impedance. This method and limit account for the 0.25 uF blocking capacitor loss. Note that the upper tolerance above 1 MHz is strictly academic; there is no w
23、ay the LISN impedance can be higher than 50 Ohms, so the insertion loss cannot exceed 0 dB. At frequencies where coaxial cable loss is significant, the type and length of the cables connecting to the “T”and “R” ports must be the same. The connection between splitter and LISN input power connector mu
24、st be short enough to have no significant loss. Insertion loss is measured as the T/R ratio.Figure 2 - LISN insertion loss measurement set-upFigure 3 - MIL-STD-461 50 uH (upper curve) and 5 uH LISN insertion loss (lower curve), including losses in the 0.25 uF blocking capacitor with 50 uH curveSAE I
25、NTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 4 of 9Figure 3 (continued) - MIL-STD-461 50 uH (upper curve) and 5 uH LISN insertion loss (lower curve), including losses in the 0.25 uF blocking capacitor with 50 uH curve4.1 Directional CouplerThe forward power port coupling factor is used in some MIL-STD-461 measurement
26、s. This procedure measures that factor, as shown in Figure 4. The T/R ratio is the coupling port factor. At frequencies where coaxial cable loss is significant, the type and length of the cables connecting to the “T” and “R” ports must be the same.Figure 4 - Directional coupler forward power couplin
27、g factor measurementBecause return loss can be used to verify antenna performance (see 3.8), the following set-up and description explain howto characterize the reverse power port. Figure 5 is similar to Figure 4 and measures the reverse power port coupling factor. The T/R ratio is the reverse power
28、 coupling port factor. At frequencies where coaxial cable loss is significant, the type andlength of the cables connecting to the “T” and “R” ports must be the same. Connection between splitter and directional coupler should be as short as possible, with negligible loss.Figure 6 shows how to determi
29、ne the limit on return loss measurement associated with a good match to 50 Ohms. The return loss so measured represents a minimum vswr value that can be ascertained using this method.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 5 of 9Figure 5 - Directional coupler reverse power coupling factor measurementFigure
30、6 - Measurement to determine the minimum vswr that can be determined using the return loss method4.2 Resistive AttenuatorAttenuators are used in a variety of tests, both emissions and susceptibility. This procedure measures attenuation, as shown in Figure 7. The T/R ratio represents the attenuation.
31、 At frequencies where coaxial cable loss is significant, the type and length of the cables connecting to the “T” and “R” ports must be the same. Connection between attenuator and splitter should be as short as possible, with negligible loss.Figure 7 - Attenuator measurement4.3 Cable LossCoaxial cabl
32、es are used in all measurement set-ups. This procedure measures cable attenuation, as shown in Figures 8 and 9. The T/R ratio represents the attenuation. The type and length of the cables connecting to the “T” and “R” ports must be the same, and for this measurement they must be measured to be the s
33、ame, as in Figure 8. Once these cables have been shown to be the same, or their differences accounted for, they may be used to measure the loss of the cable-under-test, as in Figure 9. Because small losses are measured, vswr can be a perturbing factor. Attenuation placed between the test and referen
34、ce cable can minimize any impedance discontinuity effects.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 6 of 9Figure 8 - Reference cable loss measurementFigure 9 - Cable loss measurement4.4 Low Noise Preamplifier GainLow noise pre-amplifiers are often employed to make sensitive measurements such as radiated emiss
35、ions, where the noise figure performance of the spectrum analyzer or EMI receiver is in itself not good enough to measure to the required limit.This procedure measures the amplifier gain, which must be accounted for when reducing data measured using the preamplifier. Figure 10 shows the set-up. The
36、T/R ratio represents the gain. Care must be taken to use a very low input so the amplified output is well below the 1 dB compression point of the preamplifier. This method can also be used to ascertain the 1 dB compression point, by repeatedly measuring the gain while increasing the input, until gai
37、n compression is realized. At frequencies where coaxial cable loss is significant, the type and length of the cables connecting to the “T” and “R” ports must be the same. The connection between the splitter and preamplifier should be as short as possible with negligible loss.Figure 10 - Low noise pr
38、eamplifier gain measurementSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 7 of 95. 41 INCH ROD ANTENNA BASE TRANSDUCER FACTOR MEASUREMENTThe base of a 41 inch rod antenna, whether active or passive, acts as an impedance matching device between the capacitive output impedance of the rod, and the 50 Ohm connection i
39、nto the spectrum analyzer or EMI receiver. A capacitor simulating the rod output impedance must be used in series between the network analyzer 50 Ohm source output, and the point at which the rod antenna mates with the antenna base, as per MIL-STD-461F Figure RE102-8, and as depicted below in Figure
40、 11. The rod antenna factor is the measured transducer factor (gain or loss) less 6 dB, to account for the half-meter effective height of the 41 inch rod. The ratio T/R represents the gain or loss of the rod antenna base. Care must be taken in case of an active rod antenna to select a sufficiently l
41、ow source signal level in order to avoid overload of the preamplifier in the rod antenna base.Figure 11 - 41 inch rod antenna base transducer factor measurement5.1 VSWR Check of Antenna Matching NetworkThe most accurate check of an antennas performance is its physical dimensions. If the radiating el
42、ements have not suffered damage, and the matching network between the 50 Ohm coaxial input to the radiating elements is also intact, antenna performance will be as advertised. While the radiating elements may be inspected visually, the matching network cannot, and its performance must be measured to
43、 ascertain integrity. While a simple device such as the small loop used for MIL-STD-461 test RE101 may be measured with an ohmmeter to verify continuity, more complex antennas such as the biconical and double ridge guide horns cannot be so checked. A check of their match to 50 Ohms in-band to their
44、operating frequency band can verify that the matching network is not damaged. Such a check also checks any damage to coaxial connectors.There are many ways to measure vswr, directly and indirectly. The vswr shown in Figure 12 was specifically chosen to use only equipment found in an EMI test facilit
45、y.Figure 12 - Antenna vswr measurementSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6236A Page 8 of 9Return loss is related to vswr as shown.Return loss (dB) = -20 log (vswr-1)/(vswr + 1) (Eq. 1)Low vswr means a good match and return loss is high, meaning the measured T/R ratio will be low. Conversely, a poor match results
46、in high reverse power, and the T/R ratio will be higher. In general, antennas have poor vswr characteristics near band edges, and best performance mid-band. In particular, the 137 cm tip-to-tip biconical antenna below 80 MHz has such poor vswr characteristics/high return loss as to be nearly indisti
47、nguishable from a bad balun. Therefore, vswr should be measured mid-band, and compared to manufacturers specifications there. Table 1 gives a range of vswr versus return loss values useful in characterizing antenna matching networks.Table 1 - vswr versus return lossvswr Return Loss dB1:1 -1.22:1 -20
48、1.5:1 -142:1 -9.52.5:1 -7.43:1 -63.5:1 -3.5Note that return loss at values in excess of -20 dB will be difficult to measure, and in general arent necessary, since they correspond to matched impedances very close to 50 Ohms, a condition not normally encountered in with antennas, where vswr of 2:1 to
49、3:1 is typical. 6. MEASUREMENT OPTIONS WHEN A NETWORK ANALYZER IS NOT AVAILABLEIn lieu of a network analyzer, which is not ordinary EMI test equipment, a spectrum analyzer or EMI receiver with a built-in tracking generator may be used. If that isnt available, a spectrum analyzer/EMI receiver may be used along with a separate signal generator.In each case, the rf input of the analyzer/receiver replaces the “T” (test) port o
