1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AIR6197 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT AIR6197 Issued 2011-11 Reaffirmed 2017-06 Site Selection C
5、onsiderations for New Re-Located Gas Turbine Engine Test Facilities RATIONALE AIR6197 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE Five-Year Review policy. 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE This document discusses, in broad and general terms, the effects of various natural and man-made influences on the design, co
6、nstruction, equipping, operation and long term supportability of gas turbine engine test facilities. It will assist existing or future operators of gas turbine engine test facilities in making informed decisions regarding the siting, design, construction or long term support of their facilities. Thi
7、s document is intended to aid operators in understanding the basic terms and concerns regarding gas turbine engine test facility site selection. It is not intended that this document be an exhaustive design guide such that any operator or contractor could accomplish the task of gas turbine test faci
8、lity site selection independently and without further specialist advice or assistance. To this end it is suggested that this document be read in in conjunction with other SAE International specialist ARP and AIR documents and in association with other industry experts from the OEMs, test facility sp
9、ecialist design houses, architects with specialised knowledge or independent consultants (SMEs) within the field. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND REFERENCES . 3 2.1 SAE Publications . 3 2.2 ISO Publications 3 3. DEFINITIONS . 3 4. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GROUND CONDITIO
10、NS 4 4.1 Altitude 4 4.2 Terrain . 5 4.3 Ground Conditions 5 4.4 Seismic Activity . 5 5. WEATHER CONDITIONS 6 5.1 Wind 6 5.2 High Temperatures . 6 5.3 Low Temperatures 7 5.4 High Humidity/Fog . 7 5.5 Salt Fog . 7 5.6 Airborne Dust and Sand 8 5.7 Snow . 8 5.8 Rain . 8 5.9 Electrical Storms . 8 6. NATU
11、RAL CONDITIONS 9 6.1 Forest 9 6.2 Insects . 9 7. MAN MADE CONSIDERATIONS . 9 7.1 Location . 9 7.2 Infrastructure . 10 7.3 Availability of Site Services . 10 7.4 Brown Field or Contaminated Sites 10 7.5 Planning Permission . 10 8. EFFECTS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE TEST FACILITIES ON SURROUNDING AREAS. 10
12、 8.1 Construction Effects 10 8.2 Acoustic Impact . 11 8.3 Infrasound . 11 8.4 Vibration 11 8.5 Emissions 12 8.6 Long Term Contamination and Disposals . 12 _ SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6197 2 of 122. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND REFERENCES The following publications form a part of this document to the extent s
13、pecified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes pr
14、ecedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (
15、outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR4869 Design Considerations for Enclosed Turbofan/Turbojet Engine Test Cells AIR4989 Design considerations for Enclosed Turboshaft Engine Test Cells 2.2 ISO Publications Available from International Organization for Standardization, 1, rue de Varembe, Case postale 56, CH
16、-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, www.iso.org. ISO7196 Acoustics Frequency-Weighting Characteristic for Infrasound Measurement. 3. DEFINITIONS AIR: Aerospace information report ARP: Aerospace recommended practice CBR: California bearing ratio. Penetration test for evaluation of th
17、e mechanical strength of road subgrades and basecourses. Correlation: The comparison of gas turbine engine performance parameters measured on a common engine tested in two test facilities, where one facility is the reference. DAS: Data acquisition system. DBG: scale for the measurement of very low f
18、requency noise. EMI: Electro magnetic interference. FOD: Foreign object damage (to engine). GSE: Ground support equipment. HGI: Hot gas ingestion. HVAC: Heating ventilation and air conditioning. ISA: International standard atmospheres. ISO: International standards organisation. IT: Information techn
19、ology. _ SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6197 3 of 12MAX: Maximum MRO: Maintenance repair and overhaul. OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer of respective Gas Turbine Engine RFI: Radio Frequency Interference SLS: Sea level static. SME: Subject matter expert. Test Facility: An area in which a gas turbine engine
20、 is operated. UV: Ultra violet. %: Percentage : Less than C: Degree celsius. 4. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GROUND CONDITIONS 4.1 Altitude Definition of altitude Elevation above Mean Sea Level (MSL) Where possible gas turbine engine test facilities should be located close to sea level, this is due to the fact
21、that as altitude increases the properties of air change. This change in air properties has the effect of decreasing the developed thrust of engines due to a decrease in air density and a reduction in oxygen levels. Although Performance Engineers attempt to correct all gas turbine engine testing data
22、 back to International Standards Atmosphere (ISA) day conditions (15 C) at Sea Level Static (SLS 1013mbar) these corrections and extrapolations can cause difficulties in achieving a successful correlation with a master test facility that is closer to sea level. These difficulties would be increased
23、in regions where large temperature or humidity variations from the master test facility location produce additional variables. This inherent level of measurement uncertainty at the time of the correlation could potentially cause errors in the final pass off data for each subsequent engine tested. To
24、 avoid this uncertainty a significant amount of engineering time and effort can be spent by the engine OEM developing analytical engine performance models to recreate and understand the altitude effects, however, these models are expensive to produce and validate and unless created perfectly could h
25、ave levels of uncertainty themselves due to calculation errors. These uncertainties could lead to engines that should have passed test failing or more worryingly engines that should have failed test passing and being released into service. It should be noted that although it is more challenging to c
26、orrelate test facilities at higher altitudes, facilities have been successfully established and validated in high altitude areas such as Johannesburg (1694m) and Addis Ababa (2300m). _ SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6197 4 of 124.2 Terrain Definition of Terrain A tract of land as considered with reference to
27、its natural features Terrain can have a large influence on a potential site selection from both a construction, acoustic and operational effectiveness perspective. Sites with excessives gradients, slopes or changes in ground levels will require more extensive efforts during the clearing levelling an
28、d foundation digging construction phases and may additionally require banking and shoring up of the uphill sections and diversion of potential water runoff areas. The presence of nearby hills, mountains, cliff faces and rock outcrops should be taken into consideration during site selection as these
29、features can cause acoustic problems to local populations due to reflected noise and acoustic funneling. In areas with a high possibility of the ingress of ground based sand or dust where facilities with horizontal intakes are proposed suitable features such as concrete hardstandings, inlet steps or
30、 inlet dust traps should be considered within the facility design (also see 5.6 - Airborne Dust and Sand). Sites that are in close proximity to the ocean will have to take into account the effects of saline deposits on the engines being tested and the acceleration of corrosion on the facility struct
31、ure and equipment (also see Salt Fog). Sites that are in close proximity to lakes and rivers or in low lying coastal areas should consider the risk of flooding and where the risk is significant design the facility with appropriate features such as plinth foundations and a reduction in the amount of
32、subterranean features such as bulk fuel storage tanks, fuel pipe trenches and effluent sumps etc (also see 4.3 Ground Conditions). 4.3 Ground Conditions Prior to selecting the final site for a new or relocated test facility a thorough geotechnical site survey should be conducted by specialist geotec
33、hnical engineers to gain an appreciation of the above and below ground conditions of each potential site including the water table and properties of the strata. The geotechnical site survey will comprise of a topographical review, existing subterranian services and features review, drilling of bore
34、holes, intrusive survey, trial pits, soakaway pits, standard penetration tests, engineering properties of strata, topsoil investigation, made ground investigation, contamination assessment and CBR tests. Geotechnical site surveys are particularly important for areas such as reclaimed land, marshes,
35、flood plains or areas that may have been subject to mining activity or land that could potentially contain historic remains. The results of the geotechnical review will influence the selection of the site and subsequently the selection of the foundations, floor slab design, load bearing featues, sub
36、terranian features, road and pavement design and describe other risks to operations such as flooding, subsidence or transfer of ground borne vibration. 4.4 Seismic Activity Definition of seismic - subject to or caused by an earthquake or earth vibration Where possible gas turbine engine test facilit
37、ies should not be considered in areas of of seismic activity such as earthquakes or earth tremors. Catastrohic seismic events will render the facility inoperable immediately and will be a significant health risk to personnel. Lower level seismic activity will damage the facility infrastructure over
38、time and will become a significant cost burden to the operators and a potential source of health risks to personnel. If gas turbine engine test facilities have to be constructed in areas of seismic activity then special consideration should be given to the design and selection of materials for const
39、ruction and foundations such as high-seismic lateral steel frame members and vertical steel pipe piles. In addition it is recommended that appropriate methods of equipment and engine retention should be considered that are capable of withstanding lower level seismic events. These additional features
40、 will have addittional costs and maintenance burdens associated with them. _ SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6197 5 of 125. WEATHER CONDITIONS 5.1 Wind In areas of high or gusting wind it is important that the design and equipping of the test facility allows for the appropriate aerodynamic conditions for the e
41、ngines under test. Consideration should be given to the the introduction of cross wind breakers at the entrance to the air inlet and turbulence control screens within the test cell to reduce the effects of the outside conditions on the internal aerodynamics of the test cell. To reduce the possible e
42、ffects of Hot Gas Ingestion (HGI) between the exhaust and air inlet system it is recommended that gas turbine engine test facilities are orientated Head to Wind i.e the air inlet of the test facility points towards the prevailing wind direction and that appropriate inlet and exhaust stack heights ar
43、e designed in to the facility. Prevailing wind direction and its effects on the pollution signature of the facility should also be considered during site selection as it could cause neighbors in one direction to receive higher pollution levels (Also see 8.4 Emissions). The effects of wind loading on
44、 building design should be considered at the design phase in regions where high or gusting winds can be expected. Suitable features and materials should be considered within the facility to mitigate the effects of wind loading on the facility building structure. These features and materials could af
45、fect the initial cost and subsequent long term maintenance cost of the facility and should therefore be considered prior to site selection. 5.2 High Temperatures High temperatures can affect the design, equipping, construction, validation and supportability of new or re-located gas turbine engine te
46、st facilities. 5.2.1 High Temperatures - General Suitable features and materials should be considered within the facility to mitigate the effects of extreme high temperatures on the operators, facility equipment and building structure. These features and materials could affect the initial cost and s
47、ubsequent maintenance cost of the facility and should therefore be considered prior to site selection. In addition it should be noted that sunlight UV effects on open air test facilities can affect facility equipment such as instrumentation lines and suitable protection should be provided or planned
48、 maintenance undertaken to reduce UV degradation affects. High temperatures can affect construction schedules due to the detrimental effects of hot weather on the workforce and building materials such as concrete or mortar. 5.2.2 High Temperatures - Commissioning & Correlation Engine temperature limitations could prevent engin
