1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2009 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6004AEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTAIR6004 Issued 2009-12Optical Networking Terminology RATIONALEThe
5、 aerospace industry requires precise standards for avionics system design. To ensure that the aerospace fiber optics industry also adopts these same high standards, it is essential that a common set of fiber optic system procedures be established. This document provides reference for common technica
6、l terms in support of the procedures. 1. INTRODUCTION This document is a glossary of terms about optical networking. The purpose is to introduce terms and their definitions which may be used consistently across the industry. In specific this document establishes terminology for use in connection wit
7、h SAE activities specific to optical networking. 2. REFERENCES The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purc
8、hase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available
9、from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AIR6005 General Requirements for Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Backbone Networks.AIR6006 Modeling and Simulation Capabilities for Ae
10、rospace WDM LAN Applications.AS5603 Digital Fiber Optic Loss Budget Methodology for Aerospace Platforms AIR5667 Fiber Optic Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) Single Mode Interconnect and Component Standards Mapping fo Aerospace Applications Device Level Specification 2.2 ANSI Publications Availa
11、ble from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rdStreet, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI / TIA-440-B-2004 Fiber Optic Terminology SAE AIR6004 Page 2 of 93. TERM DEFINITIONS AVIONICS FULL DUPLEX SWITCHED ETHERNET (AFDX) - AFDX is a deterministic protocol for
12、real time application on Ethernet media, and is intended for aircraft flight critical interfaces such as engines, flight controls, and navigation systems. AFDX is also known as ARINC 664 Part 7. AFDX is a trademark of Airbus S.A.S. AGGREGATION - multiplexing of signals from their associated sources
13、into a composite signal. AIRCRAFT NETWORK ELEMENT (ANE) - the ANE is comprised of the Client Adaptation Element (CAE) and the Optical Network Element (ONE). The ANE functions between the Client Access Interface (CAI), which connects to client applications, and the Backbone Network Interface (BNI) wh
14、ich connects to other BNIs. AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION (ASE) - spurious in-band optical noise emitted from doped optical amplifiers. ARCHITECTURE - the design, physical, functional structure, and interfaces of a network.AIRBORNE ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE / INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE and RECONNAISSA
15、NCE (ASW / ISR) gathering, processing and use of information for detection, location, tracking, and remediation of enemy submarines. This is a key area of defense which involves naval platforms.BACKBONE NETWORK INTERFACE (BNI) - an interface that is a component part of an Optical Network Element (ON
16、E) which interfaces with another ONE within the Optical Backbone Network (OBN). The connection between adjacent ONEs is typically an Optical Fiber Interconnect (OFI). A BNI can be a unidirectional multi-wavelength interface (typically) or a bidirectional multi-wavelength interface. BANDWIDTH - infor
17、mation carrying capacity of a system. Bandwidth can also refer to the highest analog frequency that can be transmitted by a system. BIT ERROR RATIO (BER) - fraction of incorrectly transmitted bits. BROADCAST - a type of transmitted signal from one source or network element to all destinations or all
18、 other network elements.BUILT-IN-TEST (BIT) - part of a health monitoring approach where diagnostics are performed during system operation. BUS ARCHITECTURE - a network topology in which all elements are connected to a common medium which has two end points.CABLE PLANT - the physical part of a netwo
19、rk or system consisting of the aggregate of Optical Fiber Interconnects (OFIs), which is the cabling and interconnections (connectors, splices). This part of the network is the most difficult to replace because it is installed within the mechanical structure, i.e. the airframe. CLIENT ADAPTATION ELE
20、MENT (CAE) - the CAE is the part of the WDM LAN between the Client Access Interface (CAI) and the Network Access Interface (NAI). The CAE contains all of the processes which convert client information into digital form, aggregate them with other client signals as necessary, and convert them into opt
21、ical channel signals ready for transport. CLIENT ACCES INTERFACE (CAI) - client signals access the WDM LAN through the CAI. The client signals are electrical and are typically in the form of an aerospace protocol such as MIL-STD-1553, MIL-STD-1760, ARINC 429, ARINC 629, ACSB, Fibre Channel, Ethernet
22、, ITU OTN, IEEE 1394, etc. The physical form of the CAI is an electrical connector that is compatible with transport of the client signal. COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM) - multi-channel spectrum used for WDM using minimum 20 nm spaced channels between 1310 nm and 1610 nm. The wide ch
23、annel spacing of the CWDM spectrum is amenable for using low cost components. SAE AIR6004 Page 3 of 9CONTROL PLANE DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK (CPDCN) - a control network that connects all Optical Network Elements (ONEs) using standard interfaces. Network Management and Control (NM by connecting an
24、“input” fiber port to an “output” fiber port the FCC enables transmission of multiple wavelengths and protocols. FIBER OPTIC TRANSMITTER - an active component which sources or originates modulated optical signals. The transmitter input is electronic and the output is optical; hence a transmitter con
25、tains an EO conversion. FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER - an active component which receives an optical signal. The receiver input is optical and the output is electronic; hence a receiver contains an OE conversion. FIBER OPTIC COUPLER - a general passive component which splits or combines optical signals. Typ
26、es of optical couplers are: Bandsplitter. Combiner. WDM. Interleaver. Splitter. Tap. SAE AIR6004 Page 4 of 9FLIGHT LINE - describes the location where an aircraft is ready for or returning from a mission, such as on a carrier hangar deck or airport ramp area. Flight line maintenance is performed whi
27、le all systems are in place, and diagnosis is performed to the Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) or Weapons Replaceable Assembly (WRA) level. In contrast, depot maintenance is performed on LRUs or WRAs that had been removed from aircraft, and diagnosis is performed to the Shop Replaceable Assembly (SRA) l
28、evel. FOUR WAVE MIXING (FWM) - signals at three wavelengths interact in a nonlinear medium to produce fourth signal near the wavelength of the original three signals. FWM is the optical analogy to intermodulation distortion in electronic systems. INTERFACE APPLICATION CODE (IAC) - specifications use
29、d to describe the required physical characteristics of optical signals traversing Backbone Network Interfaces (BNIs) and Client Access Interfaces (NAIs). INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU) - organization formed to standardize global telecommunications. The ITU has developed the majority of
30、 standards relevant to service provider network communication (versus local area networks). For example, ITU-T G.694.1 designates wavelengths for use in WDM networks.LATENCY - latency is the time it takes for a signal to get from the Network Access Interface (NAI) at a source node to the NAI at a de
31、stination node without leaving the network. This latency is influenced by a variety of effects. Latencies present can be discerned into the two distinct categories of transport latency and setup latency. Transport latency is the time it takes for the information to travel from the source to the dest
32、ination through a previously determined path. For connectionless services, the path is determined by each ONE on a hop-by-hop basis. Setup latency is defined as the time to provision or establish a transport path between source and destination nodes before any information flow between them may begin
33、. Elements that contribute to this delay include optical switches and wavelength tunable devices. For example, consider two nodes with an optical switch in the path between them. As part of the setup latency, the optical switch must be configured such that the source node has an optical path to the
34、destination node before any information may start to flow. Transport jitter is defined as the time variation in transport latency. Some avionics data bus protocols, higher layer services, and applications require low latency and also low jitter. LINE REPLACEABLE UNIT (LRU) - commercial term for a mo
35、dule which can be quickly replaced on a flight line. The military version is Weapons Replaceable Assembly (WRA). LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) - a small network which covers a home, office, building, or campus. The size of a typical aerospace platform corresponds to the size of a typical LAN. LOGICAL TOP
36、OLOGY - see TOPOLOGY. MESH ARCHITECTURE - a network topology in which network nodes are connected to one another through point-to-point links. A fully-connected mesh architecture has point-to-point links between every pair of network nodes. MULTICAST - a type of transmitted signal from one element t
37、o selected other elements. MULTILEVEL SECURITY (MLS) - the concept of managing and transporting independent pieces of data, at various levels of classification, to and from different users with corresponding access privileges. MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE (MPI) - a distortion in which a signal travels fro
38、m source to destination along multiple paths, which includes interface reflections and re-reflections. MULTIPLEXER - general system term given to a device which splits, drops, adds, or combines optical signals with respect to port, wavelength, time, protocol, or content. SAE AIR6004 Page 5 of 9NETWO
39、RK ACCESS ELEMENT (NAE) - an Optical Network Element (ONE) that has a Network Access Interface (NAI). Of the five identified ONE types, the Optical Terminal Multiplexer (OTM), the Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM), the Optical Power Splitter (OPS), the Optical Cross Connect (OXC), and the Optical
40、Line Amplifier (OLA), only the OLA does not have an NAI. Therefore the OLA is not an NAE. NETWORK ACCESS INTERFACE (NAI) - defines an interface that is a component part of an Optical Network Element (ONE) which interfaces to a client through the Client Access Element (CAE), and allows it to transmit
41、 signals to and receive signals from the Optical Backbone Network (OBN). An NAI is typically a unidirectional single-wavelength interface, thus the designation “send” and “receive” identifies the direction of signal flow. However, multi-wavelength NAI interfaces are allowed. NETWORK MANAGEMENT and C
42、ONTROL (NM & C) - the function of network management is to simplify the configuration of services, to monitor the services for any deviation from required performance, to isolate faults, and where possible to facilitate service recovery, i.e. Fault, Configuration, Administration, Performance, and Se
43、curity (FCAPS). Network management refers to user initiated transactions such as establishment of services. Network control refers to autonomous functions. Within the WDM LAN, different levels of NM & C functionality are defined: a. Locally configured and monitored. b. Locally configured and monitor
44、ed via an interface to a local terminal. c. Centralized management via connection to a Network Management Data Communication Network (NMDCN). d. Centralized management via connection to a NMDCN plus distributed control plane protocols for discovery, routing, and signaling to automate service establi
45、shment and recovery.NETWORK MANAGEMENT DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK (NMCDN) - a network management system that links Optical Network Elements (ONEs) to the Network Management System (NMS). Network Management and Control (NM & C) at levels three or four requires the use of an NMDCN. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
46、 SYSTEM (NMS) - the system that provides Network Management and Control (NM & C) functionality for levels three and four.OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) or OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION MODEL (OSI Model) - the OSI model is the definition for the layered model for data and services that is used for
47、 network communications. This model was first devised in 1977 and standardized by ISO and the ITU in 1982. Within the model, each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives information to process from the layer above it. The standard OSI network model consists of seven layers: 7) App
48、lication Layer. 6) Presentation Layer. 5) Session Layer. 4) Transport Layer. 3) Network Layer. 2) Data Link Layer. 1) Physical Layer. OPTICAL ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER (OADM) - an ONE which drops and / or adds a single channel or group of channels to a multi-channel signal. An OADM has two or more Backbo
49、ne Network Interfaces (BNIs), and one or more Network Access Interfaces (NAIs) which contain the added or dropped channels. A Reconfigurable Add Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) allows selection of add / drop channels.SAE AIR6004 Page 6 of 9OPTICAL AMPLIFIER (OA) - a device or component which simultaneously amplifies all channels of a multi-channel signal and retains the fidelity of each individual channel. Optical amplifier dev
