1、_ AIR5683AEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTIssued 2007-02 High Performance 1553 Research and Development RATIONALEThis SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) captures technical work accomplished over several years by an industry group that studied the feasibility of extending the data carrying capacity of M
2、IL-STD-1553 buses. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 31.1 Purpose. 32. REFERENCES 32.1 Applicable Documents 32.1.1 SAE Publications. 32.1.2 U.S. Government Publications 42.1.3 ITU Publications 42.1.4 UPA Publications 42.2 Related Publications . 42.2.1 SAE Presentations and White Papers 52.2.2 Industry Whit
3、e Papers and Articles. 52.3 Definition of Terms 62.4 Abbreviations 63. BACKGROUND 73.1 The MIL-STD-1553 Bus 73.2 Potential Applications for High Performance 1553 . 83.2.1 Weapons and Sensors 83.2.2 Digital Video/Imagery 93.2.3 Communication Systems 93.2.4 Memory Loader/Verifiers. 93.2.5 General Avio
4、nics. 93.3 Quantitative Capability Objectives 104. COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR CARRYING HIGH SPEED DATA 104.1 Modulation Schemes 104.1.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 104.2 Telecommunication Standards . 114.2.1 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 114.2.2 Powerline Communications (PLC) 125. RE
5、SEARCH IN TRANSFERING HIGHER SPEED DATA OVER LEGACY 1553. 125.1 Early Research 125.1.1 Over Clocked 1553 #1 ERA Technology and ASSC Data Interfaces Subcommittee . 135.1.2 Over Clocked 1553 #2 Aeroflex UTMC . 135.1.3 PAM-4 Modulation Mobile Dynamics. 145.1.4 xDSL SBS Technologies 145.2 Ongoing Resear
6、ch 155.2.1 Edgewater Computer Systems, Inc. . 155.2.2 Data Device Corporation. 15Reaffirmed 2011-11SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its appl
7、icability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written
8、comments and suggestions.Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission
9、of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/techni
10、cal/standards/AIR5683Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 2 -6. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION AND MEASUREMENT DATA 166.1 Elements of Data Carrying Capacity. 166.2 Bandwidth Analysis o
11、f 1553 Bus Elements 166.2.1 Wire. 176.2.2 Couplers 186.2.3 Simple 1553 Network Response 216.2.4 Additional Channel Bandwidth Impediments: . 226.3 High Performance 1553 Signal Levels . 226.3.1 Radiated EMI Performance. 236.4 Noise . 256.4.1 Legacy 1553 as Noise 256.5 Capacity Estimates . 277. SUGGEST
12、ED AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY 287.1 Real-Time Deterministic Performance 287.2 Reliability, Fault Tolerance and Redundancy . 287.3 Concurrent Operation . 287.4 Media Access Layer (MAC) Considerations. 297.5 Upper Layer Protocols 297.6 EMI Emissions and Susceptibility . 297.7 Performance Characteristics
13、on Different Platforms 297.8 Legacy 1553 Transceiver Types. 298. CONCLUSIONS 29FIGURE 1 - MIL-STD-1553 TRANSFORMER AND DIRECT COUPLING 8FIGURE 2 - TYPICAL MIL-STD-1553 BUS STRUCTURE. 17FIGURE 3 - ATTENUATION OF A TYPICAL 200 FT MIL-STD-1553 CABLE . 17FIGURE 4 - MIL-STD-1553 TRANSMIT COUPLER TEST SET
14、UP . 18FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL MIL-STD-1553 TRANSMIT COUPLER INSERTION LOSS . 19FIGURE 6 - MIL-STD-1553 BUS COUPLER TEST SETUP 19FIGURE 7 - TYPICAL MIL-STD-1553 BUS COUPLER INSERTION LOSS 20FIGURE 8 - MIL-STD-1553 RECEIVE COUPLER TEST SETUP 21FIGURE 11 - EMI TEST NETWORK 23FIGURE 14 - RADIATED EMISSION L
15、EVELS FOR VARIOUS EXPOSED BUS LENGTHS 25FIGURE 15 - SPECTRUM OF MIL-STD-1553 WAVEFORM WITH RANDOM DATA. 26FIGURE 16 - SPECTRUM OF MIL-STD-1553 WAVEFORM WITH CONSTANT DATA. 26TABLE 1 - HIGH PERFORMANCE 1553 QUANTITATIVE OBJECTIVES 10TABLE 2 - THEORETICAL CAPACITY ESTIMATES, WITHOUT LEGACY 1553. 27TAB
16、LE 3 - REALISTIC CAPACITY ESTIMATES, WITH LEGACY 1553 . 27Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 3 -1. SCOPE MIL-STD-1553 establishes requirements for digital command/response
17、time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques on military vehicles, especially aircraft. The existing MIL-STD-1553 network operates at a bit rate of 1 Mbps and is limited by the protocol to a maximum data payload capacity of approximately 700 kilobits per second. The limited capacity of MIL-STD-1553 b
18、uses coupled with emerging data rich applications for avionics platforms plus the expense involved with changing or adding wires to thousands of aircraft in the fleet has driven the need for expanding the data carrying capacity of the existing MIL-STD-1553 infrastructure.1.1 Purpose This SAE Aerospa
19、ce Information Report (AIR) will examine the characteristics of MIL-STD-1553 buses relative to their ability to carry data at significantly higher data rates when compared to MIL-STD-1553. Practical issues such as frequency response of 1553 bus networks and their components, signal-to-noise ratio, E
20、MI constraints, and concurrent operation with existing MIL-STD-1553 will be discussed. Various telecommunication standards that could be appropriate for adaptation to MIL-STD-1553 buses are discussed. Early research by various companies into increasing the data carrying capability of existing MIL-ST
21、D-1553 buses is summarized as well as ongoing research. Potential applications that could benefit from increased bandwidth on MIL-STD-1553 buses are discussed. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest is
22、sue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document
23、, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.This report assumes familiarity with MIL-STD-1553B (or AS15531). 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside U
24、SA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS15531 Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus AS1773 Fiber Optics Mechanization of a Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus AS5653 High Speed Network for MIL-STD-1760 AS5652 10 Mbit/sec Network Configura
25、tion Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 4 -2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Available from the Document Automati
26、on and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/.MIL-STD-1553B Department of Defense Interface Standard for Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus, Rev. B MIL-HDBK-1553A Multi
27、plex Applications Handbook, Rev. A MIL-STD-1760D Department of Defense Interface Standard for Aircraft/Store Electrical Interconnection System, Rev. D MIL-STD-461E Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment, Rev. E 2.1.2.1 U.S. Air Force
28、Publications Available from USAF ASC/ENOI, 2530 Loop Road West, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7101, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/.MIL-STD-001553B(USAF) w/CHANGE 5 Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus, Rev. B, Notice 5, 8 February 2006.NOTE: This standard has limited di
29、stribution (Distribution Statement D) and is Export Controlled. 2.1.3 ITU Publications Available from International Telecommunications Union, Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +44-22-730-5111, http:/www.itu.int/publications/default.aspx.ITU-T G.992.1 Asymmetric digital subscriber
30、line (ADSL) transceiver ITU-T G.993.1 Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Transceivers ITU-T G.993.2 Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line Transceivers 2 (VDSL2) 2.1.4 UPA Publications Available from Universal Powerline Association, 3 Bridge Street, Kings Cliffe, Peterborough, UK, PE8 6
31、XH, Tel: +44(0)1780-470003, http:/www.upaplc.org.OPERA Specification Part 1 - Technology OPERA Specification Part 2 - System 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report. Copyright SA
32、E International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 5 -2.2.1 SAE Presentations and White Papers These papers are posted on the SAE AS-1A4 web page under Reference Documents. “An Investigation into Usin
33、g the MIL-STD-1553 Wire Bus at the AS-1773 20Mbps Data Rate”, White Paper by D. Slocum, UTMC, December 2000 “Signaling Techniques for High-Speed Data Transmission over Existing AS15531 Networks”, White Paper by F. Trans, Mobile Dynamics, April 2000 “The Use of Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) Signaling for
34、 Data Transmission on Existing AS15531 Networks”, White Paper by B. Graber, SBS Technologies, August 1998 “Continuing Communications Technology Studies into Enhanced Data Throughput Capabilities on Existing AS15531 Cable”, Presentation by B. Graber, SBS Technologies at SAE AS-1A, April 2000 “High Pe
35、rformance and Cost Effective Avionics Upgrade Approach” by W. Wilson, ASC/ENAS, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, william.wilsonwpafb.mil.af, July 2002 “Ensuring Viable Combat Avionics Bandwidth Extension Using Mil-Std-1553 Interface”, by W. Wilson ASC/ENAS, United States Air
36、 Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, william.wilsonwpafb.mil.af, presentation given to SAE AS-1A, July 20022.2.2 Industry White Papers and Articles ASSC/110/2/85 Draft 1, Study of Maximum Signalling Speed for Def Stan 00-18 (Part 2)/US MIL-STD-1553B Data Buses, February 1997 ASSC/110/2/97 Draft
37、1, Further Study of Maximum Signalling Speed for Def Stan 00-18 (Part 2)/US MIL-STD-1553B Data Buses, March 1998 ASSC/110/2/111 Draft 1, Continued Study of Maximum Signalling Speed for Def Stan 00-18 (Part 2)/US-MIL-STD-1553B Data Buses, February 1999 ASSC110/5/2 Issue 2, Engineering Bulletin on the
38、 Operation of Def Stan 00-18 (Part 2)/US MIL-STD-1553B Data Buses at Enhanced Data Rates, June 2000 ERA Report 2006-0010, Study of Maximum Signalling Speed for Def Stan 00-18 (Part 2)/US MIL-STD-1553B Data Buses, December 2005 (a compilation of the 4 ASSC papers listed above) “Extending MIL-STD-1553
39、 bandwidth: a study of impairments, EMI, and channel capacity” by M. Hegarty, Data Device Corporation, hegartyddc-, April 2004 “High Performance 1553” by M. Hegarty, Data Device Corporation, hegartyddc-, April 2005 “Netopia and the Standardization of VDSL2” by P. Simmons, Netopia Inc., http:/ Techno
40、logy White Paper”, by the OPERA Consortium, http:/www.upaplc.org, February 2006 “1553, Still a Key Standard” by C. Adams, Avionics Magazine, January 2000 “Data Communications Pumping the Bus” by C. Adams, Avionics Magazine, December 2003 “1553 Ever Faster,” by C. Adams, Avionics Magazine, December 2
41、004 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 6 -“Backgrounder”, Edgewater Computer Systems Inc., April 2006, http:/www.edgewater.ca/downloads/Edgewater.Wiredbackgrounder.pdf“Test
42、 Report on the F-15 Flight Demonstration of HyPer-1553TMTechnology”, by T. Decker, deckerddc-, and S. Wilson, , April 2006 2.3 Definition of Terms LEGACY 1553: The traditional method of sending and receiving data at 1 Mbps using bi-phase Manchester encoding and command/response protocol defined in M
43、IL-STD-1553. HIGH PERFORMANCE 1553: A method of sending data over a MIL-STD-1553 data bus infrastructure at substantially higher data rates than MIL-STD-1553. Other names for High Performance 1553 include: HP-1553, Extended 1553, Fast 1553, High Speed 1553, MIL-STD-1553B Notice 5 and MIL-STD-1553C.C
44、ONCURRENT OPERATION: Operation of both Legacy 1553 and High Performance 1553 on the same bus at the same time.DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE: A technology designed to transmit digital data over telephone lines by utilizing frequency bands unused by analog voice communication. POWERLINE COMMUNICATIONS: A te
45、chnology designed to transmit digital data over electric power lines by utilizing frequency bands unused by AC power. 2.4 Abbreviations ADSL Assymetric DSL ANSI American National Standards Institute ASSC Avionics Systems Standardization Committee BC Bus Controller CAP Carrier-less Amplitude Phase DM
46、T Discrete Multitone DSL Digital Subscriber Line EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FEC Forward Error Correction HDSL High bit rate DSL HP-1553 High Performance 1553 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi
47、neers IP Internet Protocol Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR5683 - 7 -ITU International Telecommunication Union Kbps Kilobits per second LRU Line Replaceable Unit Mbps Megabits
48、per second MT Monitor Terminal OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFP Operational Flight Programs OPERA Open PLC European Research Alliance PLC Powerline Communications QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality of Service RT Remote Terminal VDSL Very high speed DSL WRA Weapon Replaceable Assembly 3. BACKGROUND The terms used in this report are consistent with MIL-STD-1553. MIL-STD-1553 is used for control and m
