1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2011 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
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4、-776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgAEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORTAIR4364REV.AIssued 1991-08Revised 1998-03Reaffirmed 2011-01Superseding AIR4364(R) Utilization of Battery-Powered Ground Support Equipment1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is res
5、tricted to, selecting appropriate applications for electric powered ground support equipment (GSE) at airports.1.1 Purpose:This document is intended to provide basic information and procedures for determining applications and developing cost comparisons that are appropriate for the use of electric p
6、owered GSE. Adherence to the guidelines herein will minimize the possibility of using electric powered GSE in unsuitable applications.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following published documents were utilized in the preparation of this document:a. SAE Paper #880972, Electric Tractors for
7、 Airportsb. Battery Powered Industrial Trucks - The Lead Industries Association, Inc.c. Unpublished proprietary industry surveys and reports were also used as data sources3. LIMITATIONS:This document is intended as a basic guideline for selecting appropriate applications for electric powered GSE. It
8、 does not cover the performance of, or service/design deficiencies in specific pieces of equipment.SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR4364ACopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for
9、 ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 2 -4. BACKGROUND:Historically, GSE has been powered largely by gasoline or diesel engines. More recently, electric powered GSE is being used in varying degrees by major passenger airlines, regional ca
10、rriers, fixed base operators, air cargo lines, airport authorities, and the military.The most frequently found types of electric GSE on airport ramps are baggage tractors, push back tractors, belt loaders, and cargo transporters. In off ramp cargo/baggage areas, electric forklifts are widely used.Th
11、e original motivating factor behind the introduction of electric GSE was the price and availability of fossil fuel during the energy crisis of the late 1970s. With the increased availability and lowering use of fuel through the 1980s and 1990s, the electrification of GSE was severely curtailed.A res
12、urgence of electric GSE has come about as the result of environmental factors and the Federal Governmental Implementation Program of 1992.Also experience with electric GSE has proven a number of other advantages, which can be more significant than the original energy considerations.5. INDUSTRY EXPER
13、IENCE:Industry experience has generally been positive, except where inappropriate applications were selected for GSE. Electric baggage tractors and push back tractors are now widely accepted, and baggage conveyors are steadily gaining acceptance.A recent survey of four major North American users of
14、electric GSE (baggage tractors, push back tractors, and belt loaders) indicated the following:a. Energy Costs: For the same work performed, electric energy costs range from 2 to 7% of the gasoline or diesel fuel costs.b. Annual Maintenance Costs: Either on a cost per operating hour or an annual main
15、tenance cost basis, electric GSE costs are approximately 20 to 45% of equivalent diesel or gasoline powered GSE.c. Fuel Consumption Rates: The diesel powered baggage tractors average fuel consumption rate was 1.0 gph while gasoline was 1.5 gph, and idle time is approximately 75 to 80% of total opera
16、ting time. One study reported that 3.5 kWh of electric energy were used by an electric baggage tractor per actual operating hour. Based on these data, on an energy equivalency basis, 1 gal of diesel would be equal to 3.5 kWh, whereas 1 gal of gasoline would equate to 2.3 kWh.Copyright SAE Internatio
17、nal Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 3 -6. ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC GSE:Provided that applications are selected where the electric GSE meets all of the performance criteria and
18、 has sufficient storage (battery) capacity to perform at least 1.5 shifts of duty without charging, electric GSE will normally exhibit the following advantages in comparison to similar diesel or gasoline powered GSE:a. Energy costs are considerably less. Depending on the design of the equipment and
19、the relative cost of fuel compared to electricity, the electric vehicle energy costs are less than 10% of similar gas or diesel equipment. This great difference is due to two factors:(1) Electric vehicles are inherently more efficient in converting the chemical energy of the battery into shaft horse
20、power.(2) There is no “idle time“ for electric GSE. Energy is used only when the vehicle is working; driving at speed, moving a load, etc. Typically, electric vehicles will accumulate 20 to 25% of the operating hours of gasoline or diesel equipment performing the same mission.(3) Regenerative breaki
21、ng has been developed and utilized in electric GSE to provide better breaking (particularly in ice and snow conditions) and has also provided substantial reduction in brake wear, while at the same time, returning a small amount of energy to the battery.b. Maintenance costs are considerably less, typ
22、ically ranging from 20 to 45% of diesel or gas powered equipment.c. Lower susceptibility to operator abuse due to the design of the equipment.d. Operator/environmental impact is less than gasoline or diesel equipment due to the reduced noise level on nonexistent exhaust emissions.e. Lower out-of-ser
23、vice rates for electric GSE due to enhanced reliability.Conversely, the following disadvantages of electric GSE have been exhibited:a. Difficulty in obtaining sufficient electric power at gate locations to operate the chargers.b. Difficulty in disciplining operations staff to plug vehicles into char
24、gers during periods of inactivity.c. Higher capital cost considering the vehicle, battery, charger, and charger installation costs.d. Extreme low temperature conditions will reduce battery performance somewhat, although recent battery improvements have significantly improved this factor. Conversely,
25、 gasoline and diesel engines are very difficult to start under these conditions and they are normally left running even during long periods of inactivity.e. The normal GSE automotive mechanics lack the electronic capability and/or training associated with battery powered electric vehicles.Copyright
26、SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 4 -7. EVALUATION OF APPLICATION:In evaluating the feasibility of an application, it is necessary to compare the equipment mission profile
27、 with the equipment manufacturers performance specifications.The prime factors in defining the equipment mission profile are as follows:a. The length of time the equipment must operate without recharging (the shift).b. The work that must be performed during the shift. Typical types of work are as fo
28、llows:(1) Movement on horizontal surfaces with or without towed loads.(2) Movement on inclined surfaces with or without towed loads.(3) Specific work functions are as follows:(a) Lifting loads(b) Operating conveyorsThis work must be defined in terms of duration and loads lifted/towed/moved during th
29、e shift.Using the definitions of the equipment mission profile over a complete shift, and making certain assumptions regarding the conversion of electrical power to work, it is possible to compute the total number of kilowatt-hours required from the vehicle battery during a shift. A comparison of th
30、is total value with the energy available from the battery (kilowatt-hours) will indicate if a sufficient margin of safety (50%) exists for the application, to accommodate battery deterioration, unusually heavy work cycles, etc.In many operations, it is difficult to obtain sufficient data to use the
31、quantitative approach. If data are available, the GSE manufacturer will be able to confirm the ability of the equipment to operate satisfactorily.An alternative method, using more readily available data from existing gasoline or diesel powered equipment, can be utilized to evaluate potential electri
32、c GSE applications.Daily fuel consumption records for gasoline or diesel powered GSE of similar design, performing similar work, would be evaluated to derive an average fuel consumption figure for the shift. Each gallon of fuel consumed is then converted into equivalent electric energy in battery ki
33、lowatt-hours. Typically, 1 gal of gasoline translates into 1 kWh of battery energy. The required ampere-hour rating to the battery is then calculated by dividing the kilowatt-hour requirement by the average discharge voltage of the battery (normally 95% of rated battery voltage).As a final check, ot
34、her users of similar or identical airport equipment with similar climate and duty cycles should be contacted to evaluate their relevant data. All of the above data can be utilized in confirming the viability of a proposed electric GSE application for a specific piece of equipment in a given location
35、.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 5 -8. COST OF OWNERSHIP CONSIDERATIONS:Due to changes in the relative cost of fuel versus electrical energy and the capital co
36、st of electric versus gasoline or diesel equipment, the financial merits of each specific case must be evaluated individually.It is suggested that the worksheet indicated in Figure 1 be utilized to perform this evaluation. This will allow the selections to be made on total cost of ownership, rather
37、than on the basis of lowest initial cost.If electric GSE equipment is being introduced to the fleet for the first time, then electric fuel consumption per shift (in kWh) can be calculated using the methods indicated in Section 7, and the cost of electricity in kilowatt-hours can be obtained from the
38、 local utility. If annual maintenance costs are not available, then they should be entered as 25% of similar gasoline or diesel powered equipment. (See Section 5.)The simple payback period for electric powered GSE compared to gasoline equipment is calculated as follows in Table 1:Copyright SAE Inter
39、national Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 6 -TABLE 1 - Vehicle Cost EvaluationDe-valuation per year (main body) D1 *1De-valuation of sub-unit D2 *2Maintenance cost/year M1 *3Fuel/electrici
40、ty cost/year F1 *4Total Expense (per year) = D1 + D2 + M1 + F1*1*2*3 Maintenance cost/year Ex. $1,500 for battery$2,500 for diesel*4 Final cost/unit/year Ex. $4,000 for battery(charge cost) $5,000 for dieselFor battery vehicle $(2,000 + 2,000 + 1,500 + 4,000) = $9,500For diesel vehicle $(2,000 + 1,0
41、00 + 2,500 + 5,000) = $10,500Cost Saving $(10,500 - 9,500) = $1,000/yearunit cost battery or engine cost()duration (years)- Ex. 830,00015- $2,000=Battery costduration (years)-Electric Ex. $10,0005- $2,000=Diesel Ex. $7,0007- $1,000=Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENo
42、t for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR4364 Revision A- 7 -FIGURE 1 - Cost of Ownership CalculationsCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SA
43、E AIR4364 Revision A- 8 -9. SUMMARY:Industry experience has indicated that electric powered GSE offers significant advantages when utilized in applications with moderate horsepower requirements involving relatively short distance movements, in confined areas with limited ventilation or in severe col
44、d weather operations (for example, baggage tractors, push back tractors, belt loaders, and warehouse forklifts).Conversely, diesel powered equipment is best suited for high horsepower demands or longer distance movements, such as mobile air-conditioners, ground power units, air starts, and food/cabi
45、n service trucks.Gasoline engines are best suited for light-duty vehicles with short life expectancy, such as passenger cars, vans, and small trucks.Proper selection of electric powered GSE in appropriate applications will result in very cost-effective and reliable equipment operation.10. NOTES:The
46、change bar ( l ) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document.PREPARED BY SAE SUBCOMMITTEE AGE-2C, VEHICLE MAINTENANCEAND AIRCRAFT SERVICING OF COMMITTEE AGE-2, AIR CARGO ANDAIRCRAFT GROUND EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMSCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
