1、 AEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National StandardBAROMETRY FOR ALTIMETER CALIBRATIONSAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. Theuse of this report is entirely vol
2、untary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is thesole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your wr
3、ittencomments and suggestions.Copyright 1996 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.Land Sea Air and SpaceFor Advancing MobilityThe Engineering SocietyINTERNATIONAL400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001Issued 1974-03Revised 1996-09REV.AIR1075 AFOREWORDC
4、hanges in the revision are format/editorial only.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE. 41.1 Purpose 42. REFERENCES. 43. DESIGN OF MERCURIAL WORKING BAROMETERS 63.1 Definition 63.2 General Construction 63.3 Tube. 63.4 Cistern 63.5 Levelling and Plumbing Provisions . 73.6 Mercury 73.7 Thermometer 73.8 Scale . 73
5、.9 Other Readout Means 83.10 Reading Device 83.11 Certification 83.12 Instructions. 83.13 Parts.9SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 2 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)4. DESIGN OF MERCURIAL REFERENCE BAROMETERS . 94.1 Definition 94.2 General Construction 94.3 Tube.104.4 Cistern104.5 Levelling Provisions104.6 Merc
6、ury 104.7 Thermometer104.8 Scale 104.9 Reading Device 114.10 Certification 114.11 Instructions.114.12 Parts.115. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF MERCURIAL BAROMETERS 115.1 General 115.2 Temperature.115.3 Tube Pressure125.4 Vibration .125.5 Fouling of Mercury and Glass.125.6 Pressure Connections 125.7
7、Pumping System 125.8 Cleaning .135.9 Mercury 135.10 Log .145.11 Ambient Pressure Measurement 146. DESIGN OF NON-MERCURIAL WORKING BAROMETERS.156.1 Description .156.2 Application157. DESIGN OF NON-MERCURIAL REFERENCE BAROMETERS 157.1 Description .157.2 Application15SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 3 -TABLE OF
8、 CONTENTS (Continued)8. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF NON-MERCURIAL BAROMETERS .168.1 General 168.2 Temperature Effects.168.3 Stability.169. COMPARISONS.169.1 Requirement.169.2 Daily Comparison of Working Barometers179.3 Weekly Comparison With Reference Barometer 179.4 Calibration Check After Cleani
9、ng189.5 Annual Check of Reference Barometer 18SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 4 -1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is concerned only with aspects directly relating toavailable accuracy. While well-designed photoelectric, inductive or capacitive readers andpressure regulators, and other ac
10、cessories are highly desirable for convenience and productionrate, they are considered to be outside the scope of this AIR.1.1 Purpose:This AIR is intended to define three classes of barometers, working, reference and transfer, andsome aspects of their use so that altimeters and air data transducers
11、 calibrated against workingbarometers will be comparable. An accuracy of 0.003 inch (or 0.076 mm) Hg should beapproachable with working barometers meeting the recommendations in this AIR.NOTE: 0.003 inch Hg corresponds to 3 ft of altitude at sea level and 11 ft of altitude at40,000 feet. (0.076 mm H
12、g corresponds to 0.8 m of altitude at sea level and 3.4 m ofaltitude at 12,000 meters.)2. REFERENCES:1. “Mercury Barometers and Manometers”, Brombacher, Johnson, and Cross, National Bureauof Standards Monograph 8, Washington, 1960.2. “Manual of Barometry, WBAN”, Vol. I, U.S. Weather Bureau et al, Wa
13、shington, 1963.3. “Barometer, Mercurial, Altitude Test, Type A-1”, U.S. Air Force Specification MIL-B-4308B,Amendment 1, Washington, July 1960.4. “Specification for Manufacturers Technical Data”, Air Transport Association of America,Specification No. 100, Rev. 16, April 1971.5. “Mercury”, Military S
14、pecification MIL-M-191B, Amendment I, Department of Defense,Washington, December 1954.6. (Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, 1960.)7. “Purification of Mercury and its Physical Properties”, Gordon and Wichers, Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, Vol. 65, Art. 5, pp. 3
15、69-387, April 1957.8. “Allowable Concentration of Mercury”, American National Standards Institute, ANSI StandardZ37.8-1943, January 1943.9. “The Toxicology of Inorganic Mercury”, Goldwater, Annals of the New York Academy ofSciences, Vol. 65, Art. 5, pp. 498-503, April 1957.10. “Industrial Hygiene an
16、d Toxicology”, Patty, ed., Interscience, New York, 1949, 2v.SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 5 -2. (Continued):11. “Industrial Toxicology”, Hamilton and Hardy, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., New York, 1949.12. “The Analytical Chemistry of Industrial Poisons, Hazards, and Solvents”, Jacobs, Interscience,New York, 1949
17、.13. “Terrain Clearance and Vertical Separation of Aircraft”, ICAO Circular 26-AN/23, 2d Ed.,Montreal, 1956.14. “U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962”, U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,U.S. Air Force and U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, December 1962.15. “Standard Calibration Table for A
18、eronautical Pressure Measuring Equipment”, U.S. MilitaryStandard MIL-STD-859A, Department of Defense, Washington, November 1968.16. “Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere”, International Civil Aviation Organization, DOC7488/2, Second Edition, Montreal, 1964.17. “Barometers, Mercurial, Used in Calib
19、ration of Aeronautical Equipment”, U.S. MilitaryStandard MIL-STD-844, Change 1, January 1967.18. “Recommendation on Barometry for Altimeter Calibration”, ATA Recommendation 34-10-2,Air Transport Association of America, Washington, December 1970.19. “Barometry for Altimeter Calibration (SAE AIR1075)”
20、, Anderson, United Air Lines EngineeringReport, F-1594, March 1973.20. “Recommendation on Barometry for Altimeter Calibration (ATA 34-10-2)”, Anderson, UnitedAir Lines Engineering Report F-1444, February 1970.21. “Atmospheric Pressure Measurement with Fused Quartz Pressure Gauge”, Browne, TransWorld
21、 Airlines Meteorology Department Technical Bulletin 65-2, Kansas City, August 1965.22. “A Program for the National Standardization of Pressure-Measuring and -ActuatedEquipment”, Blumenauer and Harrison, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, September 1960.23. “Barometers and the Measurement of Atmospheri
22、c Pressure”, Marvin, U.S. Weather BureauInstrument Division, Circular F, Seventh (?) Edition, Washington, 1941.24. “Barometry”, Stratton, Douglas Aircraft Co., Engineering Department Report SM-23393,Santa Monica, December 1958.25. “Minimum Barometry for Calibration and Test of Atmospheric Pressure I
23、nstruments”, FederalAviation Agency Advisory Circular AC 43-2, Washington, September 1965.SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 6 -2. (Continued):26. “Pressure Measurement for Pressure Altimetry”, Russell, Federal Aviation Agency ReportRD-64-119, Project 320-205-02N, Washington, August 1964 (AD 607246).27. “Barom
24、etric Pressure Standard and Calibration Survey”, Albin, Eclipse-Pioneer Division ofBendix Corp., Report on Project No. 115-22D for FAA, Contract FW-WA-4170, Teterboro,August 1963.28. “Mercurial Standards for Calibration of Pressure-Sensitive Instruments”, Morgenstern,Kollsman Instrument Corp., Elmhu
25、rst, June 1961.29. “Tables of Airspeed, Altitude, and Mach Number Based on Latest International Values forAtmospheric Properties and Physical Constants”, Livingston and Gracey, NationalAeronautics and Space Administration Technical Note D-822, Washington, August 1961.30. “The International System of
26、 Units (SI)”, Page and Vigoureux (eds.), National Bureau ofStandards Special Publication 330, Washington, April 1972.3. DESIGN OF MERCURIAL WORKING BAROMETERS:3.1 Definition:A working barometer is one whose normal use is to be connected to one or more altimeters, airdata transducers, or other precis
27、e absolute pressure devices, and operated with them to the fullrange of pressures required for their calibration.3.2 General Construction:3.2.1 The barometer should be of sturdy construction and of such design that it can be servicedwithout loss of accuracy in any completely equipped instrument shop
28、, without the use of specialjigs or tools.3.2.2 Parts requiring matching, or parts non-interchangeable between barometers of the samemodel, should be permanently marked with the serial number of the barometer.3.3 Tube:The tube should be of precision-bore glass and should have an internal diameter of
29、 at least0.5 inch (12.7 mm). Preference should be for a larger diameter. The surface tension (capillary)errors of a 0.625 inch (15.875 mm) tube for example, are only about half of those for a 0.5 inch(12.7 mm) tube. The top should be connected to a vacuum pump and gauge.3.4 Cistern:3.4.1 The interna
30、l diameter of the cistern should be precisely determined and related to the internaldiameter of the tube by the scale-shortening factor.SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 7 -3.4.2 The barometer should be operable to the zero point of the scale (or other readout means) topermit precise determination of the amou
31、nt of mercury in the barometer while tube and cisternpressures are equal.3.5 Levelling and Plumbing Provisions:The base should include levelling screws and bubble levels so that the cistern mercury level andscale (or other readout device) zero may be levelled within 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) and the sca
32、leplumbed within 0.5 degrees (0.009 rad) of verticality.3.6 Mercury:The mercury should be triple-distilled, bright and shiny, and free from tailing. See also 5.8.3.7 Thermometer:A mercurial thermometer, accurate within 0.2 degrees Celsius, should be permanently installedon the barometer in such fash
33、ion that the thermal lag of the thermometer and its mounting closelyapproximate that of the barometer mercury. On a barometer of 60 inches (or 150 cm) or greaternominal range, two or more thermometers should be installed.3.8 Scale:3.8.1 Standard conditions for pressure measurement are in terms of me
34、rcury at 0 C (32 F) and agravitational acceleration of 980.665 cm/second/second, although a scale may be cut to read inthese terms while at other temperatures and gravities.3.8.2 The scale should be engraved on a single piece of metal whose coefficient of expansion isknown and has been taken into ac
35、count in the design. The primary calibration should be indecimal inches or in millimeters, or in shortened decimal inches or shortened millimeters toaccount for changes in cistern mercury level, or in millibars or pascals.NOTE: 1 pascal = 1 newton/meter2(exactly)= 0.01 millibar (exactly)3.8.3 If an
36、altitude scale is also provided, it should be cut in accordance with the U.S. StandardAtmosphere of 1962. Within the range of concern of this AIR this is identical to the ICAOStandard Atmosphere. The altitude should be in terms of geopotential feet.3.8.4 Unless the barometer is designed for single-t
37、emperature operation and housed in an enclosurewhose temperature is precisely controlled, means should be provided for the temperaturecorrection to be applied to the reading. Unless the barometer is designed for a particularlocation, means should be provided for the gravity (latitude) correction to
38、be applied to thereading. Means should be provided to indicate at all times the amounts of compensation beingapplied for temperature and for gravity.SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 8 -3.8.5 A scale cut for use only at a specific temperature and/or a specific value of gravity should bepermanently marked with
39、 those values.3.8.6 The scale should be permanently marked with the serial number of the barometer.3.9 Other Readout Means:3.9.1 In lieu of, or in addition to the scale, a lead screw and turns-counting device, a metallic tape, orother equivalent readout means may be provided. Barometers of this type
40、 should haveprovisions for checking the accuracy and wear of the readout means by the use of gaugeblocks, unless a scale complying with 3.8 is also permanently fitted.3.9.2 Unless the barometer is designed for single-temperature operation and housed in an enclosurewhose temperature is precisely cont
41、rolled, means should be provided for the temperaturecorrection to be applied to the reading. Unless the barometer is designed for a particularlocation, means should be provided for the gravity (latitude) correction to be applied to thereading. Means should be provided to indicate at all times the am
42、ount of compensation beingapplied for temperature and gravity.3.9.3 A readout assembly designed for use only at a specific temperature and a specific value ofgravity should be permanently marked with those values. Any portions of the assembly peculiarto such values should also be so marked.3.10 Read
43、ing Device:3.10.1 Crosshairs, a sighting ring, or other arrangement should be provided so that the position ofthe meniscus in the tube can be precisely located. The reading device should be capable ofgoing to the zero point of the scale (or other readout means) to allow accurate determinationof the
44、amount of mercury in the barometer while the tube and cistern pressures are equalized.3.10.2 In a barometer fitted with a scale, the reading device should include a vernier allowing readingof the scale to 0.001 inch or 0.02 mm.3.11 Certification:The manufacturer should furnish with each barometer a
45、calibration chart showing the residualerrors of the barometer. This should have been made by comparison with his Master, whichshould have been calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards.3.12 Instructions:3.12.1 The manufacturer should furnish with each barometer complete and fully illustratedins
46、tructions for assembly, operation, disassembly, cleaning, and servicing. The instructionsshould fully detail all the potential sources of error and the means of avoiding them.SAE AIR1075 Revision A- 9 -3.12.2 The instructions should include statements as to:a. The scale-shortening ratio.b. Temperatu
47、re and gravity values at which, without compensation, the scale (or otherreadout means) will read in standard terms; i.e., 0 C and 980.665 cm/second/second.c. Standard Atmosphere used.d. Means of avoiding or correcting capillary depression.e. Other significant corrections and assumptions used.3.12.3
48、 The format of the instructions should be in accordance with Air Transport Association ofAmerica Specification 100 (Reference 4).3.13 Parts:3.13.1 The manufacturer should furnish with each barometer a complete parts list, and should carryin stock for immediate delivery gaskets, packings, tubes, cist
49、erns, and any other parts orassemblies likely to require replacement.3.13.2 The format of the parts list should be in accordance with Air Transport Association of AmericaSpecification 100 (Reference 4).4. DESIGN OF MERCURIAL REFERENCE BAROMETERS:4.1 Definition:A mercurial reference barometer is one whose normal use is to monitor the calibration of workingbarometers, whose design is such that its own calibration may be established by direct linearmeasurement of the height of the mercury column, whose design includes refinements tooptimize accuracy (at the expense of convenien
