1、NSF Protocol PI52 Health Effects and Corrosivity of Commercial Espresso Machine Chemical Cleaners NSF International June 27, 1994 NSF International, an independent, not-for-profit organization, is dedicated to public health safety and protection of the environment by developing standards, by providi
2、ng education and by providing superior third-party conformity assessment services while representing the interest of all stake ho Ide rs. This Protocol is subject to revision. Contact NSF to confirm this revision is current. Users of this Protocol may request clarifications and interpretations, or p
3、ropose revisions by contacting: NSF International Engineering & Research Services 789 Dixboro Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Phone: (734)769-8010 Telex: 75321 5 NSF INTL FAX: (734)769-O1 O9 E-mail: Web: June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page i NSF PROTOCOL PI52 HEALTH EFFECTS AND CORROSIVIT
4、Y OF COMMERCIAL ESPRESSO MACHINE CHEMICAL CLEANERS JUNE 27,1994 Prepared by: NSF International Engineering & Research Services 3475 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Copyright 8 1994 All Rights Reserved June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 . INTRODUCTI
5、ON 3 SCOPE AND PURPOSE 3 1.1 SECTION 2 . DEFINITIONS . 3 2.1 ABSORPTION . 3 2.2 ADSORPTION 3 2.3 ADULTERATE 3 2.4 CHEMICAL CLEANER 3 2.5 COMMON MATERIALS OF FABRICATION IN ESPRESSO MACHINES . 3 2.6 ESPRESSO MACHINE . 3 2.7 EXTRACTION . 3 2.8 NSF PROTOCOL . 3 2.9 PROTOCOL CERTIFICATION . 3 2.10 TOXIC
6、 METALS . 3 2.11 TOXIC RESIDUE 4 SECTION 3 . REQUIREMENTS 4 3.1 FORMULATION REVIEW . 4 3.2 ADULTERATION OF COFFEE 4 3.3 EXTRACTION OF ADSORBED INGREDIENTS 4 3.4 CORROSIVENESS 4 3.5 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AND REPORT 4 3.6 PROTOCOL CERTIFICATION . 4 3.7 INITIAL AND ANNUAL RETESTING 5 SECTION 4 . TESTING PR
7、OCEDURE 5 4.1 REFERENCES . 5 4.2 APPARATUS 5 4.3 REAGENTS . 5 4.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION. PRESERVATION AND STORAGE 5 4.5 PROCEDURE . 5 4.5.1 Cleaner Corrosivity . 5 4.5.2 Formulation Review 6 4.5.3 Espresso Machine Corrosion . 6 4.5.4 Extraction of Adsorbed Chemicals . 7 June 27. 1994 Copyright O 1994 NS
8、F International Page iii 1 .I 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.1 o NSF PROTOCOL PI52 HEALTH EFFECTS AND CORROSIVITY OF COMMERCIAL ESPRESSO MACHINE CHEMICAL CLEANERS SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION SCOPEANDPURPOSE 1 .I .I This protocol specifies the health effects requirements for a chemical cleaner whe
9、n used to clean an espresso machine. It includes evaluation and testing procedures. 1.1.2 The requirements of the protocol address the minimum health concerns of using a chemical cleaner. Evaluation of the chemical cleaner against the protocol provides the information and data necessary to substanti
10、ate an NSF package statement. SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS ABSORPTION: The ability of a substances (absorbent) to hold or concentrate gases, liquids or dissolved substances (absorbates) within itself. ADSORPTION: The ability of a substance (adsorbent) to hold or concentrate gases, liquids or dissolved sub
11、stances (adsorbates) upon its surface. ADULTERATE: To make impure by the addition of a foreign substance to a food product. CHEMICAL CLEANER: A chemical used to remove the accumulated coffee residue from the internal components of an espresso coffee machine. COMMON MATERIALS OF FABRICATION IN ESPRES
12、SO MACHINES: Components of an espresso machine in contact with a chemical cleaner made from stainless steel (types 303, 304 and 400 series), brass copper or rubber una-n) and chrome plated materials in which the plating complies with an applicable ASTM specification. ESPRESSO MACHINE: Equipment that
13、 is used to make espresso. EXTRACTION: The process of chemical migration when exposed to an aqueous media. NSF PROTOCOL: A document which states a set of requirements for a product, system or service and the procedures and/or test methods for determining if a product, system or service conforms to t
14、he requirements. PROTOCOL CERTIFICATION: A contractual agreement between a manufacturer and NSF that a product conforms with the requirements of an NSF Protocol. TOXIC METALS: The metals regulated by the U.S. EPA for drinking water. June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 1 of 6 2.11 T
15、OXIC RESIDUE: The chemicals identified during the review of the chemical cleaners formulation and total organic carbon, color, sodium, and total phosphate as phosphorus (or total phosphorus). SECTION 3. REQUIREMENTS 3.1 FORMULATION REVIEW: The chemical identity of each ingredient shall be furnished
16、with the appropriate reference to the applicable section of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation under which it is regulated or sanctioned. Information obtained during the formulation review shall be used to specify the testing parameters. 3.2 ADULTERATION OF COFFEE: The chemical cleane
17、r ingredients shall not leave a toxic residue on espresso machine contact surfaces when used according to the manufacturers flushing and rinsing instructions. Detection of chemical cleaner ingredients in test rinse water shall suggest adulteration of coffee (a food product). 3.3 EXTRACTION OF ADSORB
18、ED INGREDIENTS: Toxic ingredients absorbed into or adsorbed onto internal surface materials of an espresso machine shall not extract in test rinse water after flushing and rinsing. The manufacturer shall specify the flushing and rinsing instructions in its operation manual. 3.4 CORROSIVENESS: The ch
19、emical cleaner as packaged and diluted for use shall not increase the extraction of toxic metals from internal surface materials of the espresso machine. The pH of the chemical cleaner when mixed according to the manufacturers instructions shall be greater than 2.5 and less than 12. 3.5 TOXICOLOGY R
20、EVIEW AND REPORT: A review of test data shall decide if the chemical cleaner meets the requirements of sections 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 of this protocol. 3.6 PROTOCOL CERTIFICATION: This protocol shall be used to substantiate the following protocol certification: NSF Protocol P152 Health Effects and Corro
21、sivity of Commercial 1 Espresso Machine Chemical Cleaners 3.7 INITIAL AND ANNUAL RETESTING: The chemical cleaner shall be tested for the ingredients specified during the formulation review. Samples shall be selected at random and initially tested according to procedures in Section 4. If the test res
22、ults show the ingredients are outside acceptable limits as set during the toxicological review, the chemical cleaner does not meet the requirements of this protocol. June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 2 of 6 SECTION 4. TESTING PROCEDURE 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 REFERENCES: The analytic
23、al methods in Table I shall be followed. For chemicals specified during the formulation review and not in Table I, the analytical methods specified during the formulation shall be followed. APPARATUS: Equipment specified in the appropriate test method (Table i) shall be used. For example, a pH meter
24、 capable of reading to 0.01 pH units with a range of O to 14 and internal temperature compensation shall be used to measure the pH of the chemical cleaner. REAGENTS 4.3.1 Deionized (DI) water shall meet specification of ASTM DI 193 Type II. Any future references to DI water shall be interpreted as r
25、equiring specifications equivalent to ASTM DI 193, Type II. 4.3.2 Calcium chloride shall be used in adjusting water hardness. 4.3.3 All other reagents are specified in the referenced test methods. SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE: 4.4.1 Samples for the analysis of metals other than mercur
26、y shall be collected in plastic bottles. Samples for the analysis of organic chemicals shall be collected in glass containers. Samples for the analysis of mercury shall be collected in amber glass bottles. 4.4.2 Samples shall be transported and maintained at IoC - $C (33.8OF - 39.20F) until an a I y
27、z ed . PROCEDURE 4.5.1 Cleaner Corrosivity 4.5.1 .I The cleaner shall be mixed according to the manufacturers instructions using DI water. 4.5.1.2 The pH of the chemical cleaner solution shall be measured by using a pH probe and meter. 4.5.1.3 If the pH meter reads a pH less than 2.5 or greater than
28、 12, then the cleaner is corrosive and fails the requirements of this protocol. 4.5.2 Formulation Review 4.5.2.1 The manufacturer shall provide a list of common materials of fabrication in espresso machines. 4.5.2.2 The review of the chemical cleaners formulation shall specify the analytes or test p
29、arameters and the components of an espresso machine that will be exposed to the chemical cleaner for initial June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 3 of 6 testing. 4.5.2.3 The manufacturer shall provide samples and common materials of fabrication in espresso machines for use during ex
30、posure in the size and shape specified during the formulation review. 4.5.3 Espresso Machine Corrosion 4.5.3.1 The metallic components shall be placed in a non-metallic beaker or shallow pan that can contain enough liquid to cover the parts in excess. DI water at room temperature shall be poured ove
31、r the components until they are covered with an excess of DI water. 4.5.3.2 4.5.3.3 4.5.3.4 4.5.3.5 4.5.3.6 4.5.3.7 4.5.3.8 The components shall be exposed to the DI water for the time specified on the manufacturers label or one hour if not specified. A background sample shall then be collected. The
32、 remaining water shall be drained and discarded. The cleaner supplied by the customer shall be mixed and prepared according to the instructions on the label. If the label says to use hot water and does not state the temperature, DI water heated to 82OC ” 0.5OC (180OF ” 0.9OC) shall be used. Enough c
33、leaner solution shall be placed into the beaker so that the level of the chemical cleaner solution exceeds the tallest component by a height of five millimeters. The components shall be exposed to the cleaner for the maximum time specified on the label. The cleaner solution does not have to be maint
34、ained at the hot temperature unless specified by the manufacturer. The container of the cleaner shall be drained and disposed of as a corrosive waste or neutralized. Use CAUTION when handling the cleaner, as it may be caustic and could injure the skin. The components shall be immersed with DI water
35、for the time specified in the manufacturers instruction or ten minutes if not specified. A sample of the extractant DI water shall be collected and the remaining water from the beaker shall be drained. The first sample shall be analyzed for metals by ICP/MS. Steps 4.5.3.5 and 4.5.3.6 shall be repeat
36、ed nine times. The nine samples collected shall be retained for analysis at a later time. A toxicologist may specify the analysis of these samples and the background sample upon review of the ICP/MS scan of the first sample. 4.5.4 Extraction of Adsorbed Chemicals 4.5.4.1 The non-metallic components
37、shall be placed in a glass beaker or June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 4 of 6 4.5.4.2 4.5.4.3 4.5.4.4 4.5.4.5 4.5.4.6 4.5.4.7 4.5.4.8 4.5.4.9 metallic container. DI water shall be poured at room temperature over the components until they are covered with an excess of DI water. Th
38、e components shall be exposed to the DI water for one hour and then the remaining water shall be drained and discarded. The cleaner supplied by the customer shall be mixed and prepared according to the instructions on the label. If the label says to use hot water and does not state the temperature,
39、DI water heated to 82OC ” 0.5OC (180OF ” 0.9OC) shall be used. Enough cleaner solution shall be placed into the beaker so that the level of the chemical cleaner solutioin exceeds the tallest component by a height of five millimeters. The components shall be exposed to the cleaner for the maximum tim
40、e specified on the label. The cleaner solution does not have to be maintained at the hot temperature unless specified by the manufacturer. The container of the cleaner shall be drained and disposed of as a corrosive waste or neutralized. Use CAUTION when handling the cleaner, as it may be caustic an
41、d could injure the skin. The components shall be immersed in DI water for the time specified in the manufacturers instructions or ten minutes if not specified. Aliquots of the DI extractant water shall be collected after each immersion and then water from the beaker shall be drained. Steps 4.5.4.5 a
42、nd 4.5.4.6 shall be repeated 10 times. The third, sixth and tenth immersion samples shall be retained for testing. The retained samples shall be tested for the chemical ingredients that were specified during the formulation review. Steps 4.5.4.1 through 4.5.4.8 shall be repeated with water that has
43、a hardness of 500 mg/L. June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 5 of 6 TABLE I. ANALYTICAL METHODS PH Volatile Organic Chemicals ANALYSIS Hydrogen Ion Concentration EPA 150.1 Purge and Trap EPA 502.2 METHOD DESCRIPTION I METHOD NUMBER I Arsenic Beryllium G FAA EPA 206.2b KAP EPA 200.7b
44、 Aluminum Cadmium Chromium KAPa I EPA 200.7b I G FAA EPA213.2b G FAA EPA218.2b Antimony Copper Lead G FAA I EPA 204.2b I KAP EPA 200.7b G FAA EPA 239.2b Manganese Mercury KAP EPA 200.7b Manual Cold Vapor EPA 245.1 Nickel Selenium KAP EPA 200.7b G FAA EPA 270.2b Color Metals and Inorganic Chemicals T
45、hallium Colorimetric, Platinum - Cobalt EPA 11 0.2 ICP/MSd EPA 200.9 G FAA I EPA 279.2b I UV Persulfate Oxidation Standard Methods 425B & EPA 41 5.2 Total Organic Carbon Total Phosphate I Calorimetric Ascorbic Acid Reagent I EPA 365.3 ainductively coupled argon plasma can also be analyzed using EPA Method 200.9 ICP/MS graphite furnace atomic absorption inductively coupled argon plasma/mass spectrometry b d. June 27, 1994 Copyright O 1994 NSF International Page 6 of 6
