1、STD-NISO TR03-ENGL 1999 b478908 0003535 Tb9 II NISO Technical Report 3 NISO TR03-1999 Guidelines for Alphabetical Arrangement of Letters and Sorting of Numerals and Other Symbols Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. About the NISO Technical Report Senes The National Information Standards Organization is accre
2、dited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop and maintain technical standards for libraries, information services, and publishers. NICO technical reports address a variety of topics that are related to NISOs standardization interests. Conclusions or recommendations do not rep
3、resent a consensus of the NICO membership and the material presented is not normative in nature. Questions or comments about the NISO Technical Report Ceries may be addressed to: National Information Standards Organization 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814-5248 Telephone: 301 -654-2
4、51 2 Fax: 301-654-1721 nisohqniso.org nisopressniso.org www.niso.org STD-NISO TR03-ENGL 1977 b478708 0003537 833 NISO Technical Report 03 TR03-1999 Guidelines for Alp ha betical Arrangement of Letters and Sorting of Numerals and Other Symbols Hans H. Wellisch Abstract: This technical report provides
5、 rules for the alphabetical arrangement of headings in lists of all kinds, such as bibliographies, indexes, dictionaries, directo- ries, inventories, etc. It also covers the sorting of Arabic or Roman numbers, and other symbols. It consists of seven rules that cover problems which may arise in alpha
6、numeric arrangement of headings. The technical report is based on the traditional order of letters in the English alphabet and that of numerals in ascending arithmetical order. It does not address issues concerning meaning or type of headings. The rules can generally be applied by human beings as we
7、ll as by computers. Each rule is followed by illustrative examples. A Technical Report Sponsored by the National Information Standards Organization Published by the National Information Standards Organization Bethesda, Maryland NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. STD*NISO TR03-ENGL 1999 = b978908
8、 00035L8 778 W Pu biished by NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814 Uri: www.niso.org Copyright O1 999 by the National Information Standards Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or t
9、ransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 208
10、14. Printed in the United States of America ISSN: 1081-8006 National Information Standards Organization Technical Report Series ISBN: 1-88012441-6 This paper meets the requirements of ANSVNISO 239.48-1992 (R 1997) Permanence of Paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wellisch, Hans
11、 H., 1920- other symbols / Hans H. Wellisch. Guidelines for the alphabetical arrangement of letters and sorting of numerals and p. cm. - (NISO technical report, ISSN 1081-8006) Includes bibliographical references (p. 11) and index. ISBN 1-880124-41-6 (alk. paper) 1. Alphabetizing 2. Library filing r
12、ules. I. Title. II. Series. 2695.95W39 1999 025.31 77421 98-49484 CI P STD-NISO TR03-ENGL 1779 b478708 0003539 bo4 Contents Foreword V 1 . ScoDe 1 2 . Definitions 1 3 . Order of Characters 2 3.1 Spaces 2 3.2 Punctuation Marks Treated as Spaces . 3 3.3 Punctuation Marks Ignored 3 3.4 Symbols Other Th
13、an Numerals, Letters and Punctuation Marks . 3 3.6 Letters (A through 2) . 3 3.6.1 Modified Letters . 4 3.7 Superscript and Subscript Characters 4 3.5 Numerals (O through 9) . 3 4 . Headings 5 4.1 Arrangement of Headings 5 4.1 . 1 Single-Word Headings . 5 4.1 . 2 Multi-Word Headings 5 4.1.2.2 Letter
14、-by-Letter 5 4.2 Headings with Qualifiers 6 4.3 Headings with Identical Initial Words . 6 4.4 Headings with Cross-References . 7 4.6 Headings Beginning with Articles . 7 4.1.2.1 Word-by-Word . 5 4.5 Subheadings . 7 5 . Abbreviations 8 6 . Numbers 8 6.1 Headings Containing Numbers . 8 6.2 Punctuation
15、 in Numbers . 9 6.3 Decimal Fractions . 9 6.4 Roman Numbers . 9 STD-NISO TR03-ENGL 1777 W b1178708 0003520 32b W 7. Arrangement of Symbols Other than Numerais and Letters 10 7.1 Arrangement in Standardized or Traditional Sequence . 10 7.2 Arrangement in Order of Appearance 10 7.3 Arrangement by Verb
16、al Equivalent . 1 O 7.3.1 Ampersand ( this incompatibility often results in different arrangements of similar headings. Also, all current filing rules contain exceptions from basic rules, and they prescribe Classified arrangements for certain types of headings according to their meaning or type. The
17、se exceptions and classified arrangements are a major source of confusion for the general public; they are often the cause of users failure to find items in catalogs, indexes, and even in telephone directories. Virtually all alphanumeric headings today are arranged by computers, not by human beings.
18、 However, before headings that are to be arranged by an exception to a rule can be sorted automatically, intervention by human beings who can use criteria other than the sequence of letters or numerals is needed. Given the potential for confusion in working with different sets of rules, this technic
19、al report seeks to make the alphanumeric arrangement of headings “as easy as ABC.“ It attempts to do this by means of the following principles: 1. The number of rules is kept to an absolute minimum. 2. There are only two minor exceptions which are necessary because of headings containing numbers. 3.
20、 All rules apply to headings exactly as they appear in written, printed, or otherwise visually displayed form. The arrangement of a heading among other headings is based solely on the sequence of letters in the English alphabet and the arithmetical order of numbers. Therefore, the rules can generall
21、y be executed both by human beings and by computers without any additional instructions. (continued) One exception is the recognition of a decimal point in Section 6.3 as a significant character (not as a disregarded one). The other exception is Section 6.4 for the arrange ment of Roman numbers. Thi
22、s exception is necessary because the ancient hybrid practice of using letters as numerals is still widely used in many kinds of texts. Com- puters, however, cannot recognize a string of letters such as LIV as being the number 54, not the word “liv.“ A Roman number can only be recognized as such and
23、tagged for proper arrangement by human intervention. Page v STD-NISO TRO3-ENGL 1779 W b478708 0003522 IT7 W TR03-1999 4. The rules do not address the order of headings in classified arrangements based on the meaning or type of the words that constitute a heading (for example, arrangement of headings
24、 beginning with the same word in the order: personal names - place names - subjects). Any such classified arrangement necessarily involves human intervention and intellectual decisions based on special rules, not on the sequence of characters or words in a heading. Consequently, computers cannot per
25、form such tasks. Users of classified arrangements may or may not know the underlying rules that go beyond the basic rules for the sequence of numerals and letters that every literate person learns in grade school. 5. For the same reason, any transpositions, deletions, or other changes in the sequenc
26、e of the characters or words in a heading are not permitted. A feature not satisfactorily treated by previous filing rules is the arrangement of sym- bols other than letters or numerals. Symbols are particularly important in the context of instructions for software applications, but they may also ap
27、pear in scientific and other texts, all of which may have to be arranged in indexes and other ordered.listings. These guidelines recognize symbols as characters (not as nonexisting entities) and provide rules for their place in an alphanumeric sequence. Hans H. Wellisch Professor Emeritus University
28、 of Maryland Preface This technical report grew out of NISOs work to create an American National Standard on alphanumeric arrangement. The draft standard developed by the NISO Standards Committee on Alphanumeric Arrangement (Standards Committee AK) was reviewed and balloted by the NISO members in 19
29、96. The NISO Members failed to reach consen- sus on the proposed standard. Because indexing and arrangement continue to be important to organization of information, the proposed standard is being published as a non-normative technical report. The rules presented in this technical report reflect the
30、collaborative efforts of the members of Standards Committee AK. Dr. Hans H. Wellisch was the chairman of Standards Committee AK. The comm.ittee members were Ruth Christ (University of Iowa), Jessica Milstead (The JELEM Company), Don Riseborough (R.R. Bowker Company), and Albert Simmonds (R.R. Bowker
31、 Company). Patricia Harris Executive Director National Information Standards Organization Page vi STD-NISO TR03-ENGL 1779 m b4787UB U003523 035 m TR03-1999 Guidelines for Alphabetical Arrangement of Letters and Sorting of Numerals and Other Symbols 1. ScoDe This technical report provides rules for t
32、he alphanumeric arrangement of headings consisting of letters, numerals, other symbols, or any combination of such characters in ordered lists such as bibliographies, catalogs, indexes, directories, dictionaries, invento- ries, etc. Using the order of character sets designed for computer sorting doe
33、s not necessarily produce a sort sequence that is acceptable for bibliographies, indexes, or library cata- logs, because some computer sorting codes, for example, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-bit ASCII), sort uppercase and lowercase letters sepa- rately and sort punctuat
34、ion marks and symbols in various places between numerals and letters. Examples in this technical report are chosen to illustrate the application of its rules; they do not necessarily conform to existing cataloging or indexing rules. Guidelines for the compilation of indexes may be found in the NISO
35、TR02, Guidelines for Indexes and Related Information Retrieval Devices. This technical report is not applicable to the arrangement of headings written in non- Roman scripts but it does apply to any romanizations of headings originally written in such scripts. See also Appendix B. 2. Definitions Bold
36、face terms within definitions are defined in this section. Abbreviation. A shortened or contracted form of one or more words, used to repre- sent the whole. Alphanumeric arrangement. An ordered display of headings according to their constituent characters. Character. The smallest possible unit of ar
37、rangement: a space, letter, numeral, punctuation mark, or other symbol. Cross-reference. A heading plus a link to one or more other headings. Function word. A word that indicates the syntactic relation of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in a sentence, clause, or phrase. Articles, conjunctions, and prep
38、ositions are function words. Page 1 STDDNISO TR03-ENGl. 1999 b11789U8 0003524 T7L TR03- 1999 Heading. Any written, printed or otherwise visually displayed item, consisting of one or more words, that is to be arranged among other such items in a known order. Letter. A character sed in writing to repr
39、esent a speech sound and forming an element of an alphabet. Number. A countable quantity represented by numerals. Numeral. A character used in writing or print to represent a number. Punctuation mark. A character (other than a space) conventionally used to sepa- rate words or to indicate their meani
40、ng. Qualifier. A defining term used to distinguish among homographic headings or to clarify the meaning of a heading. Space. A blank character that separates words in a heading or term. Subheading. A modifying heading, subordinated to another heading. Symbol. A character representing something other
41、 than itself by association, resem- blance, or convention. Term. One or more words designating a concept. Word. One or more contiguous characters (except a space), separated from the next string of contiguous characters by a punctuation mark or by one or more spaces, or terminated by the end of data
42、. 3. Order of Characters The basic order of characters should be in the following sequence: spaces symbols other than numerals, letters, and punctuation marks numerals (O through 9) letters (A through 2) An example of this sequence appears in Figure 1. 3.1 Spaces A space precedes any other character
43、 in alphanumeric arrangement. Two or more contiguous spaces should be treated as a single character and have the arrangement value of a single space. NOTE: A space in the sense of this rule is a blank generated by touching a space bar on a keyboard or by leaving a blank between handwritten words. Th
44、e blank space in the left margin of a printed or written text is not to be considered as a space. Page 2 STD-NISO TRO3-ENGL 1777 b47t170 0003525 9D m TR03- 1999 3.2 Punctuation Marks Treated as Spaces The hyphen, dash (of any length), or slash is to be treated as a space. 3.3 Punctuation Marks Ignor
45、ed The following punctuation marks should be disregarded for arrangement purposes: period (full stop), comma, semi-colon, colon, parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, braces (curved brackets), apostrophe, quotation marks (single or double), excla- mation mark, question mark. They are not to
46、be treated as spaces. 3.4 Symbols Other Than Numerals, Letters and Punctuation Marks Such symbols are arranged after a space but before a numeral. Two or more contiguous symbols should be treated as a single character. Symbols embedded in a word should be treated likewise (Figure 1). See also Sectio
47、n 7. 3.5 Numerals (O through 9) All headings beginning with a numeral should be arranged ahead of any heading begin- ning with a letter, notas if spelled out (Figure 1). See also Section 6. 3.6 Letters (A through Z) Roman alphabet letters should be arranged according to their order in the English al
48、phabet. Uppercase letters (capitals or majuscules) and lowercase letters (minuscules) have equal arrangement value. Different typefaces (italic, boldface, blackletter, etc.) do not affect the arrangement of letters. Examples are shown in Figure 1. See also Section 6.4. Figure 1. Basic Sequence of Ch
49、aracters Y f $ exchange tables $ and sense % of gain $loa day Ba, Amadou tmas star Balzac, Honor de 7, 2, buckle my shoe Byrum, John A-1 steak sauce C-Vision A-5 rocket C Windows toolkit A 99 C# ballad A and G motor vehicles ABC C+i for expert systems A la mode C+ Views Abalone Cabaret A.B.C. Carmen abdomen Ambassador hotel . and so robed An tigone Andersen, Hans Christian B* de B. 20 funny stories C Ci+ debugger I Page 3 3.6.1 Modified Letters Letters modified by diacritical marks and ligatures of two letters should be arranged like their nearest basic equival
