1、NFPA92Standard for Smoke Control Systems Handbook 201292NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, USAAn International Codes and Standards OrganizationNFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471An International Codes and Standards OrganizationNFPA92 Standard forAnnotated by Tracy Vecchia
2、relliSmoke Control SystemsHandbook 2012Copyright 2013National Fire Protection AssociationOne Batterymarch Park Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471 All rights reserved. About this Handbook EditionThis PDF contains the complete 2012 edition of NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, an-notated to as
3、sist the readers understanding of the standards language and the intent behind it. The annotations are not part of the NFPA Standard but provide a valuable commentary reflect-ing the views, explanations, and insights of authors and contributors selected by the NFPA based on their knowledge of and ex
4、perience with the standard.How to Navigate Between the Text of the Standard and the AnnotationsNavigate between code or standard text and annotations by using hyperlinked icons and code numbers.While in code or standard text, click on hyperlinked icon* to the left of the standard sec-tion to navigat
5、e to corresponding annotations. Click on the hyperlinked annotative standard section number 1.1 to return to previous standard section.*Please note, only the sections featuring icons contain annotations.For longer blocks of annotations, it is recommended that you enable the back arrow functional-ity
6、 in Acrobats page navigation menu, which will also allow you to return to the previous stan-dard section.How to Ensure You Have the Most Up-to-Date Version of the NFPA StandardThe NFPA Standard, in the edition contained herein, is current as of the effective date des-ignated at the time the standard
7、 was issued 2012. This Handbook Edition does not, however, include errata, tentative interim amendments (TIAs), or formal interpretations (FIs) that may have been issued after the effective date. For all errata, TIAs, or FIs that may have been issued since the effective date, or for any new editions
8、 that may have superseded this edition, please visit the “Document Information pages” link for the relevant NFPA Standard located in the “Codes email: stds_adminnfpa.org. For more information about NFPA, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org.IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING THE HANDBOOK
9、 EDITIONNotice and Disclaimer Concerning LiabilityNotice Concerning Interpretations Contained in the AnnotationsISBN: 978-1455906833Publication of this (ANDBOOKEdition is for the purpose of circulating information and opinion among those concerned for fire and electrical safety and related subjects.
10、 While every effort has been made to achieve a work of high quality, neither the NFPAnor the contributors to this (ANDBOOKEdition guarantee the accuracy or completeness of or assume any liability in connec-tion with the information and opinions contained in this (ANDBOOK%dition. The NFPA and thecont
11、ributors shall in no event be liable for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this (ANDBOOK EditioNThis (ANDBOOK Edition is
12、published with the understanding that the NFPA and the contribu-tors to this (ANDBOOK Edition are supplying information and opinion but are not attempting torender engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sough
13、t.NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Documents”), includ-ing the NFPA Document that is the subject of this (ANDBOOKEdition, are made available for usesubject to Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Documents, which are sepa-rately bookmarked and viewable in
14、this (ANDBOOKEdition, and which can also be viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Documents”), including the NFPA Document that is the subject of this (ANDBOOKEdition are developed in accordancewith the published procedures of the NFPA by
15、technical committees comprised of volunteers drawn from a broad array of relevant interests. In this (ANDBOOKEdition the text of the NFPADocument is accompanied with annotations providing explanation and commentary on the meaning and intent of the Document. The annotations contained in this (ANDBOOK
16、 Edition are not a part of the NFPA Document and do not constitute Formal Interpretations of the NFPA (which can be obtained only through requests processed by the responsible technical committees in accordance with the published procedures of the NFPA). The annotations, therefore, solely reflect th
17、e personal opinions of the author or other contributors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the NFPA or its technical committees.Copyright 2011 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.NFPA92Standard forSmoke Control Systems2012 EditionThis edition of NFPA 92,
18、Standard for Smoke Control Systems, was prepared by the TechnicalCommittee on Smoke Management Systems. It was issued by the Standards Council on May 31,2011, with an effective date of June 20, 2011.This edition of NFPA 92 was approved as an American National Standard on June 20, 2011.Origin and Dev
19、elopment of NFPA 92The NFPA Standards Council established the Technical Committee on Smoke Manage-ment Systems in 1985 and charged it with addressing the need for guidelines and materials onsmoke management in buildings. The Committees first document, NFPA 92A, RecommendedPractice for Smoke-Control
20、Systems, was published in 1988 and addressed smoke control utilizingbarriers, airflows, and pressure differentials so as to confine the smoke of a fire to the zone offire origin to maintain a tenable environment in other zones. The complex problem of main-taining tenable conditions within large zone
21、s of fire origin such as atria and shopping mallsrepresented a more difficult issue in terms of the physics involved and thus was reserved foranother document, NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and LargeAreas, first published in 1991.Between 1991 and 2009, NFPA 92A and NF
22、PA 92B were separately maintained. In 2006,NFPA 92A was rewritten as a standard with mandatory provisions regarding design, installa-tion, and testing of smoke-control systems and was renamed Smoke-Control Systems UtilizingBarriers and Pressure Differences. In 2005 and 2006, both documents were reor
23、ganized to complywith the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents. Both documents eventuallycontained many of the same requirements for design objectives, activation, and installation.In the Annual 2011 revision cycle, NFPA 92A and NFPA 92B were withdrawn and replacedwith a new docume
24、nt, NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems. NFPA 92 was created usingrequirements from both of the original documents, removing duplicate provisions and mak-ing numerous editorial changes. The new document uses the term smoke control systems toaddress both containment and management systems.Wit
25、h the consolidation effort, the new standard now covers the following topics: design ofsmoke management systems and calculations, design of smoke containment systems, designof stairwell pressurization systems, and testing requirements.921NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered t
26、rademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.Committee on Smoke Management SystemsRandolph W. Tucker, ChairThe Woodlands, TX SERep. The RJA Group, Inc.Elyahu Avidor, Charlottesville, VA RTRep. Standards Institution of IsraelJustinB.Biller, Roanoke County Office
27、of BuildingSafety, VA EFlora F. Chen, City of Hayward, CA EPaul David Compton, Colt International, Ltd., UnitedKingdom MRichard J. Davis, FM Global, MA IMichael Earl Dillon, Dillon Consulting Engineers, Inc.,CA SERobert G. Dittrich, Honeywell, Inc., IL MRep. National Electrical Manufacturers Associa
28、tionDouglas H. Evans, Clark County Building Department,NV EMichael J. Ferreira, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD SEGeoffrey Harris, Smoke and Fire EngineeringTechnology Ltd., United Kingdom SERep. ISO TC on Smoke and Heat Control Systems andComponentsJohn E. Kampmeyer, Triad Fire Protection EngineeringCo
29、rporation, PA SERep. National Society of Professional EngineersDavidA.Killian, Walt Disney Parks an elevator hoistway; anescalator opening; or as a utility shaft used for plumbing, electri-cal, air-conditioning, or communications facilities. 101, 20123.3.2* Ceiling Jet. A flow of smoke under the cei
30、ling, extendingradially from the point of fire plume impingement on the ceiling.3.3.3 Covered Mall. A single building enclosing a number oftenants and occupancies wherein two or more tenants have amain entrance into one or more malls.3.3.4* Design Pressure Difference. The desired pressure differ-enc
31、e between the protected space and an adjacent space mea-sured at the boundary of the protected space under a specifiedset of conditions with the smoke control system operating.3.3.5 Draft Curtain. A solid material, beam, girder, or similarmaterial or construction that is used to channel or contain s
32、mokeand that is attached to the underside of the ceiling and protrudesa limited distance downward.3.3.6 End-to-End Verification. A self-testing method that pro-vides positive confirmation that the desired result (e.g., airflow ordamper position) has been achieved when a controlled devicehas been act
33、ivated, such as during smoke control, testing, ormanual override operations.3.3.7 Fire.3.3.7.1 Fuel Limited Fire. A fire that has a heat release ratethat is controlled by the material burning.3.3.7.2 Sprinkler Controlled Fire. A fire that has a constant ordecaying heat release rate due to the action
34、 of sprinkler spray.3.3.7.3 Steady Fire. A fire that has a constant heat releaserate.3.3.7.4 t-squared (t2) Fire. A fire that has a heat release ratethat grows proportionally to the square of time from ignition.See Annex B for further information on t-squared (t2) profile fires.3.3.7.5 Unsteady Fire
35、. A fire that has a heat release rate thatvaries with respect to time.3.3.7.6 Ventilation Limited Fire. A fire where every object inthe fire compartment is fully involved in fire and the heatrelease rate depends on the airflow through the openingsto the fire compartment.3.3.8* Fire Fighters Smoke Co
36、ntrol Station (FSCS). A systemthat provides graphical monitoring and manual overriding capa-bility over smoke control systems and equipment at designatedlocation(s) within the building for use by the fire department.3.3.9 Growth Time (tg). The time interval from the time ofeffective ignition until t
37、he heat release rate of the fire is1000 Btu/sec (1055 kW).3.3.10 Plugholing. The condition in which air from below thesmoke layer is pulled through the smoke layer into the smokeexhaust due to a high exhaust rate.3.3.11* Plume. A column of smoke that rises above a fire.3.3.11.1* Axisymmetric Plume.
38、A plume that rises above afire, does not come into contact with walls or other obstacles,and is not disrupted or deflected by airflow.3.3.11.2* Balcony Spill Plume. A smoke plume that origi-nates from a compartment fire, flows out the doorway,flows under a balcony, and flows upward after passingthe
39、balcony edge.3.3.11.3* Window Plume. A plume that flows out of an open-ing to a room or other compartment that is involved in a ven-tilation limited fire.3.3.12 Pressurized Stairwells. A type of containment smokecontrol system in which stair shafts are mechanically pressur-ized, with respect to the
40、fire area, with outdoor air to keepsmoke from contaminating them during a fire incident.3.3.13 Smoke. The airborne solid and liquid particulates andgases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combus-tion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or oth-erwise mixed into the mass.
41、 318, 20123.3.13.1* First Indication of Smoke. The boundary betweenthe transition zone and the smoke free air.925DEFINITIONS2012 Edition3.3.14* Smoke Barrier. For the purposes of this standard, a con-tinuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall,floor, or ceiling assembly, that is
42、designed and constructed torestrict the movement of smoke in conjunction with a smokecontrol system.3.3.15* Smoke Containment. A smoke control method thatuses mechanical equipment to produce pressure differencesacross smoke barriers.3.3.16 Smoke Control Mode. A predefined operational con-figuration
43、of a system or device for the purpose of smoke control.3.3.17 Space.3.3.17.1 Large-Volume Space. An uncompartmented space,generally two or more stories in height, within which smokefrom a fire either in the space or in a communicating spacecan move and accumulate without restriction.3.3.17.2 Separat
44、ed Spaces. Spaces within a building thatare isolated from large-volume spaces by smoke barriers.3.3.17.3* Communicating Space. A space within a buildingthat has an open pathway to a large-volume space such thatsmoke from a fire either in the communicating space or in alarge-volume space can move fro
45、m one to another withoutrestriction.3.3.18 System.3.3.18.1 Compensated System. A system that adjusts forchanging conditions either by modulating supply airflows orby relieving excess pressure.3.3.18.2* Dedicated Smoke Control System. Smoke controlsystems and components that are installed for the sol
46、e pur-pose of providing smoke control and that upon activation ofthe systems operate specifically to perform the smoke controlfunction.3.3.18.3* Nondedicated Smoke Control Systems. A smoke-control system that shares components with some othersystem(s), such as the building HVAC system, whichchanges
47、its mode of operation to achieve the smoke-control objective. 1, 20123.3.18.4 Pressurization System.3.3.18.4.1 Multiple-Injection Pressurization System. A type ofsmoke control system that has pressurization air suppliedfrom multiple locations.3.3.18.4.2 Single-Injection Pressurization System. A type
48、 ofcontainment smoke control system that has pressurizationair supplied from only one location.3.3.18.5 Smoke Control System. An engineered system thatincludes all methods that can be used singly or in combina-tion to modify smoke movement.3.3.18.6* Smoke Exhaust System. A mechanical or gravity sys-
49、tem intended to move smoke from the smoke zone to theexterior of the building, including smoke removal, purging,and venting systems, as well as the function of exhaust fansutilized to reduce the pressure in a smoke zone.3.3.18.7 Zoned Smoke Control System. A smoke control sys-tem that includes a combination of smoke containment andsmoke management methods for smoke exhaust for thesmoke zone and pressurization for all contiguous smoke con
