1、NFPA1999 Standard on Protective Clothing for Emergency Medical Operations 2013 Edition NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPADOCUMENTSNOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF
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29、onProtective Clothing for Emergency Medical Operations2013 EditionThis edition of NFPA 1999, Standard on Protective Clothing for Emergency Medical Operations, wasprepared by the Technical Committee on Emergency Medical Services Protective Clothing andEquipment and released by the Technical Correlati
30、ng Committee on Fire and Emergency Ser-vices Protective Clothing and Equipment. It was issued by the Standards Council on November 27,2012, with an effective date of December 17, 2012, and supersedes all previous editions.This edition of NFPA 1999 was approved as an American National Standard on Dec
31、em-ber 17, 2012.Origin and Development of NFPA 1999This standard was developed to address protective garments, gloves, and facewear de-signed that protect persons providing emergency medical care against exposure to liquid-borne pathogens during emergency medical operations. NFPA 1999 defines minimu
32、m per-formance for protective clothing as required by the Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA) Final Rule (29 CFR 1910.1030) Protecting Health Care Workers fromOccupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens. The Final Rule states:“When there is occupational exposure, the employer shall
33、 provide at no cost to the em-ployee, appropriate personal protective equipment, such as, but not limited to, gloves, gowns,laboratory coats, face shields or masks, and eye protection, and mouthpieces, resuscitationbags, pocket masks, or other ventilation devices. Personal protective equipment will
34、be con-sidered appropriate only if it does not permit blood or other potential infectious materialsto pass through to or reach the employees work clothes, street clothes, undergarments, skin,eyes, mouth, or other mucous membranes under normal conditions of use and for the dura-tion of time which the
35、 protective equipment will be used.”NFPA 1999 offers specific performance criteria that involve exposing protective clothing mate-rials to surrogate virus challenge utilizing a specific time and pressure protocol. This procedurehas been documented to discriminate between current protective clothing
36、materials and to cor-relate with visual penetration results that are obtained with a human factors evaluation. Each typeof clothing must resist penetration to blood-borne pathogens as determined by this test.Additional garment requirements cover overall liquidtight integrity, material strength,physi
37、cal hazard resistance, seam strength, and closure strength.Additional requirements for gloves cover minimum performance for tensile and elongationproperties in an “as received” condition as well as following heat aging and isopropyl alcoholimmersion, minimum sizing, and liquidtight integrity for int
38、ended areas of penetration.Additional requirements for facewear or face protection devices cover adequate visibilityand integrity, in addition to resisting penetration of blood-borne pathogens.The selection of test methods and performance requirements was based on surveys ofemergency medical service
39、s (EMS) personnel and a technical study supported by the U.S.Fire Administration.The Subcommittee on Hazardous Chemicals Protective Clothing began its work on thefirst edition of this document in 1990 and passed on its work to the Technical Committee onFire Service Protective Clothing and Equipment
40、in January 1991. The first edition was pre-sented to the Association at the 1992 Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA.Since the first edition in 1992, the entire project for fire service protective clothing and equip-ment was reorganized in January 1995 by the Standards Council. The new project has a T
41、echnicalCorrelating Committee on Fire and Emergency Services Protective Clothing and Equipment andeight technical committees operating within it. The Technical Committee on Emergency MedicalServices Protective Clothing and Equipment is now responsible for NFPA 1999.In 1997, the second edition incorp
42、orated single-use and reusable items of EMS protectiveclothing. Prior to that edition, there was no differentiation between single-use and reusable items.Items that were reused might not have continued to provide biopenetration barrier protection.Reusable items could be advantageous and cost-effecti
43、ve for certain items of EMS clothing such as19991NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.garments. Durability conditioning was added to the test methods of items that would be identified as not f
44、or single use only.EMS gloves remain single-use items only. This was consistent with NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection ControlProgram. EMS gloves were also newly required to be an FDA registered medical device.The first edition allowed partial body garments, such as sleeve covers or a
45、pron-type gowns, and also allowed the biopen-etration barrier protection to be less in area than the area covered by the garment (such as only the front of a smock orjacket having the biopenetration barrier protection). The second edition continued to permit partial body garments, butdid not allow p
46、artial biopenetration barrier protection in a garment. Biopenetration barrier protection was required for thefull area covered by the garment.Test methods were completely reformatted to present consistency in test methods and to assure that all key ele-ments of a test were given within the method.Th
47、e third edition of NFPA 1999 was reformatted into the new style for all NFPA codes and standards and, therefore,the chapter titles and numbering, as well as paragraph numbering, changed. In that edition, the Committee addednew requirements for emergency medical work gloves, emergency medical footwea
48、r, and cleaning/utility gloves.Emergency medical work gloves will provide the barrier protection from blood and liquid-borne pathogens that allEMS PPE provides, and a higher level of physical protection for incidents where rough or sharp surfaces could becontacted, such as during extrication operati
49、ons. The emergency medical footwear can be configured either as asingle-use, disposable bootie to pull over work shoes or as normal footwear designed for multiple uses. Both wouldprovide the same barrier protection from blood and liquid-borne pathogens as other items of EMS PPE. The cleaning/utility gloves are single-use items to protect wearers during cleaning and decontamination of EMS equipment.The third (2003) edition of NFPA 1999 was acted on by the NFPA membership at the November AssociationTechnical Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, on November 20, 2002, and became effective
